Brachytherapy in Treating Cervical Cancer-Free-Samples for Students

Brachytherapy is a form of cancer treatment where radioactive pounds sealed in a wire, pellet or capsule is introduced into the body with the help of a catheter in order to damage the DNA of the cancer cells. It has a wide spread of application in the treatment of prostate cancer and cervical cancer. The benefits of brachytherapy are that it allows an augmented dose of radiation in a limited area unlike the other types of the radiation treatments. It actually helps to lessen the damage to the surrounding tissues due to radiation. The last two papers are about improving the image guided brachytherapy techniques in the treatment of cervical cancers. Two of my chosen papers are related to the same, as IGBT helps in a more accurate treatment and lesions that are too large for applying the other treatment techniques.   Significant improvements have occurred in the last three decades due to the use of the 3-D image guided procedures. Incorporation of the transrectal US in the image guide d brachytherapy have been found to be effective in centers that have do not access to MRI. The monly used method in the treatment of the cervical cancer is the Manchester Point A system. But the 2-D X ray image shows no contract of the soft tissues. Image guided brachytherapy helps to target the desired tissue.   There had been increasing evidence of the benefits of the image guided brachytherapy in cervical cancer, which is the main rationale behind the chosen papers. The objective of this paper is to give an overview of the gynecologic brachytherapy, with a focus on the recent advancements and their implications on the cervical cancer in women. The paper describes about the evaluation and the staging of the patient, According to this paper the initial stages of evaluation includes the cervical biopsy of the hystopathological diagnosis. According to the FIGO r mendations, patients with who would be receiving the radiation treatment should have a planning of the CT stimulation before the initiation of the EBRT. The paper also brings about a parison between the high dose rate brachytherapy and low dose rate brachytherapy. Previously LDR was used exclusively for treating the cancer by using a cesium -137 isotope. Since 2000s, the utilization of the HDR has increased considerably. The HDR employs a remote after loading technology allowing a small iridium source connected to the end of a cable that is robotically driven via the multiple channels ceasing at the dwell positions for different span of time.   The article also refers to a third type of treatment that is monly not used in the US known as the pulse dose rate (PDR) brachtherapy. The paper also gives an account of the choices, by which cervical brachytherapy can be performed, namely the intracavitary, interstitial, or a binatory approach. A cohort study was done in order to measure the clinical ou es of the image guided brachytherapy. The study pared the 2D versus the 3D IGBT . In the patients treated with both the EBRT plus chemother apy followed by a brachytherapy could show a local relapse free survival 74 % of the selected patients. Similar improvement was found in another study containing patients from Vienna. It can be understood from the paper that brachytherapy can improve the local control, reduce the toxicity and improve the overall survival rate of cervical cancer in women. The study of the paper also enables one to understand that the disadvantage of brachytherapy is that, it is invasive. The randomized control study involving 2D planning and 3D planning in selected patients showed better results in patients being treated with image guided brachtherapy. The paper also gave an account of the appropriate treatment target volume, the appropriate dose and the fractionation scheme. Although the progression from the 2D- 3D based imaging and the treatment planning for the cervical cancer has increased the overall survival of the women. Further data from the 3-D based treatment is required associated with the decrease in the toxicity of the technique. The previous paper focused on the effectiveness of overall brachytherapy in cervical cancer, but this article will aim to focus on the advantages of using imaging brachytherapy over conventional methods of brachytherapy.   The paper involves a retrospective analysis of the ou es in patient suffering from stage IB-IVA cervical cancer treated with primary radiation therapy. The ou e measures were the relapse free survival of the patient, distant metastasis, pelvic control and other adverse events related to the treatment. 126 patients have been analyzed out of which 43 patients have been treated with CBT between the years 2000-2007, and 83 patients have been treated with IGBT between the years 2007- 2012. The conventional bracgytherapy involved the application of the low dose brachytherapy and high dose rate brachytherapy was used after 2005. The standard brachytherapy applicators used were intracavatary ovoids and tandem.   From 2011, interstitial needles can be introduced in to t he ovoids for optimizing the dose distribution around the neoplasia. All the records of the adverse events were recorded if prompted by the signs and the symptoms.   The results concluded that cervical cancer survival rates have increased with the introduction of IGBT. The application of the MRI based adaptive IGBT technique was found to be useful for the patients with stage IB-IVA cervical cancer. The overall survival rate was found to improve from 51% to 83% with the shift from conventional brachytherapy to imaging brachytherapy. The study confirmed that there had been a significant decrease in the distant metastasis in the group treated with IGBT. The pelvic control rates were also found to be improved in the IGBT group. Data obtained from the patient’s record found that the IGBT patients were more likely to plete the chemotherapy faster than the patients’ receiving the conventional brachytherapy. The use of IGBT in the primary chemo radiation of the cervical cancer is superior to the CBT and should be considered as the new standard of care. It can be known from the paper that there is a requirement of improvement of the nodal and the PAN tumor control, using the PET-CT and the lessening of the adverse events in both the standard and the adaptive IMRT. A 3D MRI based image guided brachytherapy have been found to reduce the toxicity as discussed in the previous paper. The objectives of the paper were realistic. One of the limitations of the paper is that the sample population of the cohort was not large. Although there are several studies that have actually provided the evidences of imaging brachytherapy. Brachytherapy is an essential ponent for the treatment of the cervical cancers that have progressed locally. It allows the dose of the tumor to be amplified sparing the nearby tissues. Image guided brachytherapy have found to lessen the local recurrence. The article focuses on how the 3D conformal brachytherapy can be used in a hospital setting and how the brachytherapy services can be improved. The radiological studies operative parameters and patient workflow and intensive therapy planning can pose challenge to the clinical resources. The paper also discuses about the translational research opportunities in the field of brachytherapy. One of the concerns is that some proportion of the tumor will display biological resistance to the radiations and even to brachytherapy. The objective of the paper was to find new advancement in the field of imaging-brachytherapy. Hence the paper had been appropriate in stating the recent advancements in the radiotherapy techniques like the intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and the stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). This research paper also enables one to understand the demerits of the therapy, such as IMRT had been unsuccessful in achieving the target volume doses unlike that of the image guided brachytherapy. The paper informs that IGBT is more time consuming and requires individual planning and contouring. Additional resources such as MRI/CT scans and the patible applicators are required. The cost of setting up an IGBT is about 10-15 % more than that of the conventional procedures of brachytherapy. In a clinical setting with IGBT facilities there should be provisions for an intrauterine brachytherapy applicator as most of the patients will be having an intact uterus, which will require the placement of an intrauterine tube. It can be understood from all the three papers that image guided brachytherapy makes 3D models by using the cross sectional image. It should be mentioned that the points of similarities between the three papers were much more than the differences as all the three papers focused on the advancements in the field of brachytherapy in treating cervical cancers and the advantage of using image dependant brachytherapy over the conventional treatment of the brachytherapy. The difference between the three papers is that the last two papers focused more on the improvements in the image guided brachytherapy. The last papers exclusively mentioned the advancements rather than just paring with the conventional standards. Various retrospective studies and the cohort studies described in the three papers have showed better survival rates in patients with cervical cancer. Among the three papers my choice of paper was the first one as it had elaborately stated the difference between the new techniques and the old ones such as the difference between the HDR brachytherapy and the LDR brachytherapy, the selection of the applicator. It further gives information about the intracavity brachytherapy, interstitial brachytherapy. An appropriate treatment planning was mentioned. This assignment has not only aided us to know about the different image guided brachytherapy techniques but have also informed us with the procedures undertaken in brachytherapy Banerjee, R., & Kamrava, M. (2014). Brachytherapy in the treatment of cervical cancer: a review. International journal of women's health, 6, 555.   Otter, S., Franklin, A., Ajaz, M., & Stewart, A. (2016). Improving the efficiency of image guided brachytherapy in cervical cancer. Journal of Contemporary Brachytherapy, 8(6), 557–565. https://doi.org/10.5114/jcb.2016.64452 Rijkmans, E. C., Nout, R. A., Rutten, I. H. H. M., Ketelaars, M., Neelis, K. J., Laman, M. S., ... & Creutzberg, C. L. (2014). Improved survival of patients with cervical cancer treated with image-guided brachytherapy pared with conventional brachytherapy. Gynecologic oncology, 135(2), 231-238

Theory Critique Feminist and Post Modern Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Theory Critique Feminist and Post Modern - Essay Example Thus, Feminist therapy aims to empower women to push their own strengths to the fullest in order to gain the self-respect they need, regardless of what society dictates of them. Society has originally painted the ideal picture of women to be the nurturing, caring, weaker gender, dependent on the strengths and skills of men, and relegated to homemaking tasks. However, changing times have pressured them to be independent, self-reliant and strong members of the workforce. Such double standards have caused confusion and stress in women, adding more burden to her already heavy load. To quote from the textbook, the five goals for feminist therapy are: â€Å"equality, balancing independence and interdependence, empowerment, self-nurturance and valuing diversity. But the ultimate goal of feminist therapy is to create the kind of society where sexism and other forms of discrimination and oppression are no longer a reality.† This kind of therapy hopes to transform society by changing the way women view themselves. The feminist therapist, aware of women’s issues, must be sensitive enough to handle delicate concerns of the client. She (or he) must be willing to disclose her own experiences and use these as springboard to gain the client’s trust and to model empowered behavior. She must be clear about her own values, but discerning enough not to impose these on the client. She should know how to balance exploring both the inner and outer worlds of the client if the client is to find a way to take action in her own life. The therapist has enough influence on the client as to choosing the direction the client wants to take in her life. Ultimately, the therapist helps in guiding the client to be clear about her own needs and wants and to pursue it without being too conscious of what society has to say. Sometimes, though, the therapist may tread dangerous ground if the culture and value system of the client comes into the picture. If a woman

LIFE EXAMINATION PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LIFE EXAMINATION PAPER - Essay Example Somehow, innate mental and physical characteristics, and ethno-racial, religious and financial backgrounds certainly have their significance in development of likes, dislikes, and priorities. Personal views and philosophies about life appear to be absolutely different in people, even the siblings that not only belong to the same parental lineage but also have experienced the same socialization process and environment at large. Therefore, the criticism seems justified that individuals enter the world carrying divergent codes of mind that decide and determine their future life and activities actually. Somehow, the importance of social interaction could not be refuted altogether due to the very reality that it surely turns biological man into a social individual, and teaches him the norms, values, mores, traditions and conventions that have been in vogue in the culture and/or society the individual belongs to; the same is also applied to me. Like other members of my society, I also belo ng to one specific ethno-racial community, which makes me distinctive from the people belonging to other groups co-existing in society. Though sometimes these feelings create my affiliations with in-groups and apathy for out-groups, these feelings never adopt the form of hatred or prejudice for others. It is perhaps because of my belonging to a well-educated, groomed and responsible family that I have learned the universal message of love and respect for all members of my social establishment without discrimination. Similarly, I have faith in my God, who has created all humans out of rotten clay, so having feelings of superiority simply means deviating from the statutes of divine law, actually, which declares all humans to be equal. I remember the influence of religion on my thoughts; since I was regularly taken by my parents to church on every Sunday, I obtained the basics of Christianity at a young age of my life. The life and sayings of Jesus Christ left indelible imprints on my mind, and I developed the views of caring for all and sundry without taking his/her background into the slightest consideration. I obtained primary and elementary education at a well-reputed school and studied the basics of sociology, history, theology and Western philosophy at high school. I also studied conflicts and wars taken place between people belonging to rival factions and groups. It also infused the passion of fighting against my rival nations and communities for the political and economic uplift of my nation. However, my years at college turned out to be more productive in respect of bringing tremendous alterations in my views about wars and battles. At college, I was taught the basics of business finance and commerce, and the role played by currency and transactions. It was really a wonderful experience for me. Since I had already obtained the knowledge of the barter system and other ways of earning in the discipline of cultural anthropology, the idea of business ethics and corporate culture particularly fascinated me. I also learned the changing of the vast world into a small global village just because of the wonderful inventions made by the great minds for the

The Legend of The Scottish Play :: Urban Legends

The Legend of "The Scottish Play" 1) Background I interviewed a freshman theater major at the University on the topic of urban legends. The interview was conducted in my dormitory room. The nineteen-year-old female college student is originally from Delaware, and her parents are both real estate appraisers. When inquired about urban legends, she recalled the theater lore and superstitions that she knew intimately as an actress. The interviewee was particularly eager to talk about the curse associated with Macbeth, the Scottish Play. 2) Transcription of the Legend of the Scottish Play Macbeth! That’s not a superstition! That’s truth and fact! [gestures emphatically with fist] If you do Macbeth, something bad will happen; if you say, â€Å"Macbeth† in the theater, something bad will happen. I have true stories to testify to that one. Let’s see, umm what show were we doing?... Our Town, we were doing Our Town. And there are [clears throat] people in my school like to mess with people like me who believe in the Macbeth superstition, and so they’ll go into the theater and they’ll just go, â€Å"MACBETH!† and I will freak out and I tell them to go outside and spin around three times and spit over their left shoulder, because that’s the [antidote]. But they don’t, because they’re trying to mess with me, and something bad always happens. So when we’re doing Macbeth, this kid, who is one of the stage managers, I wasn’t there when it happened so I couldn’t make him go outside, but my director told me that he said, â€Å"Macbeth,† in the theatre, and so I was like freaking out and everyone was like, â€Å"don’t freak out, it’s not a big deal,† but it was, because our curtain broke. That day. Later that day, the curtain broke. It was two days before the show. Yeah. His fault. Another example. We were doing Romeo and Juliet and okay, now I know this is not an accident, but it doesn’t matter. Still, somebody said â€Å"Macbeth† in the theatre, and I told them to go outside and spin around but they didn’t do it, and then somebody stole all my costumes, and I was Juliet so it was kind of a big deal and kind of bad. It came from, because the um, the spells that are said

The Learning Of English At Preschool Education Essay

â€Å" Preschool is an exciting clip to watch a kid explore and larn about their universe. Learning English in preschool enables yearlings to hold the tools to pass on with the universe around them. At this age, childs can inquire for specific points, ask inquiries, talk about their universe and communicate on a much higher degree than they did before come ining preschool. â€Å" [ online 1 ] â€Å" Preschoolers enjoy the thought of playing. A universe that is filled with different drama activities will ensue in better acquisition. That is why it is good to utilize games that are fun and exciting to assist childs easier learn. A great trade of linguistic communication will be retained and kids will hold no thought they ‘re being taught specific letters, words and constructs. Teachers can give kids to paint a letters, pigment words, colour images of letters, pattern composing letters, act out scenes from narrative books, bring in points that begin with a specific missive or consonant sound to make learning chances. â€Å" [ Online 2 ] â€Å" Child development refers to the biological and psychological alterations that occur in human existences between birth and the terminal of adolescence, as the single advancements from dependence to increasing liberty. Because these developmental alterations may be strongly influenced by familial factors and events during antenatal life, genetic sciences and antenatal development are normally included as portion of the survey of kid development. Related footings include developmental psychological science, mentioning to development throughout the lifetime, and paediatricss, the subdivision of medical specialty associating to the attention of kids. By three old ages the kid is get downing to utilize complex sentences, including comparative clauses, although still honing assorted lingual systems. By five old ages of age the kid ‘s usage of linguistic communication is really similar to that of an grownup. From the age of about three kids can bespeak phantasy or pretend linguistically, produce consistent personal narratives and fictional narration with beginnings and terminations. It is argued that kids devise narrative as a manner of understanding their ain experience and as a medium for pass oning their significance to others. The ability to prosecute in drawn-out discourse emerges over clip from regular conversation with grownups and equals. For this the kid needs to larn to unite his position with that of others and with outside events and learn to utilize lingual indexs to demo he is making this. They besides learn to set their linguistic communication depending on to whom they are talking. â€Å" [ Online 4 ] â€Å" Several tips to assist parents of immature kids promote literacy at place: read to child, as in before a sleep, bedtime, or after dinner, Hold the book so that she or he can see the images. Take clip to look at and speak about the images. Do n't merely read the narrative: talk about it. Let child indicate out letters, forms, colourss, and animate beings. Understand that reading begins at place. Children read their environments, so do place a print rich environment. Read! Do n't anticipate reading to be of import to kids if they see that it ‘s non of import to their parents. Invite kid to read laud.A If he or she is a pre reader, he ‘ll frequently construe his ain narrative utilizing illustrations and his imaginativeness. Read aloud to child every twenty-four hours. Preschool larning online can assist parents to learn childs at place with many preschool activities, games, prek printables, child preschool activities and professional lesson programs during showery yearss or preschool clip. There are free preschool activities and printables for childs, childs preschool larning, childhood development, early acquisition thoughts and learning activities for childs that are easy for parents or instructors to learn childs at place. These preschool course of studies can be used in daycare/preschool schoolrooms every bit good. Preschool online activities are focused on easier acquisition. Daycare tiffin bill of fare, healthy bites and dainties for childs, a assortment of preschool subjects, preschool course of study, child instruction thoughts, lesson programs for instructors, lesson programs for yearlings and assorted preschool activities for learning childs and yearlings at place are free for everyone ‘s usage. aˆz [ online 6 ]

Dates for Major Events in Ancient History

The major events in ancient history listed in the table below are those  happenings in the world that led to or gravely impacted the rise and decline of the great Mediterranean civilizations of Greece and Rome. Many of the dates cited below are only approximate or traditional. This is particularly true of the events before the rise of Greece and Rome, but the early years of Greece and Rome are also approximations. 4th Millennium BCE 3500:  The first cities are built  by the  Sumerians  at Tell Brak, Uruk, and Hamoukar in Mesopotamias Fertile Crescent.   3000: Cuneiform writing is developed in Uruk  as a way to track commercial trade and taxes.  Ã‚   3rd Millennium BCE 2900: The first defensive walls are built in Mesopotamia.   2686–2160: The first pharaoh Djoser unites upper and lower Egypt for the first time, establishing the Old Kingdom.   2560: The Egyptian architect Imhotep finishes the  Great Pyramid of Cheops on the Giza Plateau. 2nd Millennium BCE 1900–1600: The Minoan culture on the Greek island of Crete becomes a powerhouse of the international shipping trade. 1795–1750:  Hammurabi, who wrote the first legal code, conquers  Mesopotamia, the land between the  Tigris  and Euphrates Rivers. 1650: The Middle Kingdom of Egypt falls apart and Lower Egypt is ruled by the Asiatic Hyksos; the Kushite kingdom rules Upper Egypt. 1600:  The Minoan culture is replaced by the  Mycenaean civilization  of mainland Greece, thought to be the Trojan civilization recorded by Homer. 1550–1069: Ahmose drives out the Hyksos and establishes the New Kingdom dynastic period in Egypt. 1350–1334: Akhenaten introduces (briefly) monotheism in Egypt.   1200: Fall of Troy (if there was a Trojan War). 1st Millennium BCE 995: The Judean King David captures Jerusalem.   8th Century BCE 780–560: Greeks send settlers to create colonies in Asia Minor. 776: Legendary start of the Ancient Olympics. 753: Legendary founding of Rome. 7th Century BCE   621: Greek lawgiver Draco establishes a written but harsh code of laws to punish trivial and serious crimes in Athens.   612: The Babylonians and  Medes  burn the Persian capital of Nineveh,  marking the end of the Assyrian Empire. 6th Century BCE 594:  The Greek philosopher Solon becomes archon (chief magistrate) in Greece and attempts to legislate reforms  with a new code of laws for Athens.   588: Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar conquers Jerusalem and brings the Judean king and thousands of citizens of Judea back to Babylon with him. 585: Greek philosopher  Thales  of Miletus successfully predicts a solar eclipse on May 28. 550: Cyrus the Great establishes the Achaemenid dynasty of the Persian Empire. 550: Greek colonies include almost all of the Black Sea area, but begin to find it difficult to survive so far from Athens and make diplomatic compromises with the Persian Empire. 546–538: Cyrus and the Medes defeat Croesus and capture  Lydia.   538: Cyrus allows the Jews in Babylon to return home. 525:  Egypt falls to the Persians and becomes a satrapy under Cyruss son Cambyses.   509: Traditional date for the founding of the Roman Republic. 508: Athenian lawgiver Cleisthenes reforms the constitution of ancient Athens, setting it on a democratic footing. 509: Rome signs a friendship treaty with Carthage. 5th Century BCE 499: After paying tribute and arms to the Persian Empire for several decades, Greek city-states revolt against Persian rule. 492–449: The Persian king Darius the Great invades Greece, kicking off the Persian Wars.   490: Greeks win against the Persians in Battle of Marathon. 480: Xerxes overcomes the Spartans at Thermopylae; at Salamis, the combined Greek navy wins that battle. 479: Battle of Plataea is won by the Greeks, effectively ending the second Persian invasion. 483: Indian philosopher Siddhartha Gautama Buddha (563–483) dies and his followers begin to organize a religious movement based on his teachings. 479: Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479) dies, and his disciples carry on. 461–429: Greek statesman Pericles (494–429) leads a period of economic growth and cultural flourishing, also known as the Golden Age of Greece.   449: Persia and Athens sign the Peace of Callias, officially ending the Persian Wars. 431–404: The Peloponnesian War pits Athens against Sparta.  Ã‚   430–426: The Plague of Athens kills an estimated 300,000 people, among them Pericles. 4th Century BCE 371: Sparta is defeated at the battle at Leuctra.   346: Philip II of Macedon (382–336) forces Athens to accept the Peace of Philocrates, a peace treaty marking the end of Greek independence. 336: Philips son Alexander the Great (356–323) rules Macedonia. 334: Alexander fights and wins against the Persians at the Battle of Granicus in Anatolia. 333: Macedonian forces under Alexander defeat  the Persians at the Battle of Issus. 332: Alexander conquers Egypt, founds Alexandria, and installs a Greek government but leaves the next year. 331: At the Battle of Gaugamela, Alexander defeats the Persian king Darius III. 326: Alexander reaches the limit of his expansion, winning the Battle of the Hydaspes in the northern Punjab region of what is today Pakistan. 324: The Mauryan empire  in India is founded by Chandragupta Maurya, the first ruler  to unite most of the Indian subcontinent. 323: Alexander dies, and his empire falls apart as his generals, the diadochi, battle one another for supremacy. 305: The first Greek pharaoh of Egypt, Ptolemy I, takes over the reins and establishes the Ptolemaic dynasty. 3rd Century BCE 265–241: The First Punic War between Rome and Carthage is waged with no decisive winner.   240: Greek mathematician Eratosthenes (276–194) measures the Earths circumference. 221–206:  Qin Shi Huang  (259–210) unites China for the first time, beginning the Qin Dynasty; construction on the Great Wall begins. 218–201: The Second Punic War begins in Carthage, this time led by the Phoenician leader Hannibal (247–183) and a force supported by elephants; he loses to the Romans and later commits suicide.   215–148: The Macedonian Wars lead to Romes control of Greece. 206: The Han Dynasty rules in China, led by  Liu Bang (Emperor Gao), who uses the Silk Road to make trade connections as far as the Mediterranean. 2nd Century BCE 149–146: The Third Punic War is waged, and at the end, according to legend, the Romans salt the land so Carthaginians can no longer live there.   135: The first Servile War is conducted when the slaves of Sicily revolt against Rome. 133–123: The Gracchi brothers attempt to reform Romes social and political structure to help the lower classes.   1st Century BCE 91–88: The Social War (or Marsic War) begins,  a rebellion waged by Italians who want Roman citizenship. 88–63: The Mithridatic Wars are fought by Rome against the Pontic empire  and its allies. 60: Roman leaders  Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar form the 1st Triumvirate.   55: Julius  Caesar invades Britain. 49: Caesar crosses the Rubicon, precipitating the Roman Civil War. 44: On the Ides of March (March 15), Caesar is assassinated. 43: The 2nd Triumvirate, that of Marc Antony, Octavian, and M Aemillius Lepidus, is established.   31: At the Battle of Actium, Antony and the last Ptolemaic pharaoh Cleopatra VII are defeated and soon after Augustus (Octavian) becomes the first emperor of Rome. 1st Century CE 9: German tribes destroy 3 Roman legions under P. Quinctilius Varnus in the Teutoberg Forest. 33: Judean philosopher Jesus (3 BCE–33 CE)  is executed by Rome and his followers continue. 64: Rome burns while Nero (supposedly) fiddles.   79: Mount Vesuvius erupts burying the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. 2nd Century CE 122: Roman soldiers begin building Hadrians Wall, a defensive structure that will eventually stretch 70 miles across Northern England and marks the northern limit of the empire in Great Britain. 3rd Century CE 212: The  Edict of Caracalla extends Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Empire. 284–305: The Roman Emperor Diocletian divides the Roman empire into four administrative units known as the Roman Tetrarchy, and afterward there was usually more than one imperial head of Rome. 4th Century CE 313: Decree of Milan legalizes Christianity in the Roman Empire. 324: Constantine the Great establishes his capital at Byzantium (Constantinople). 378: Emperor Valens is killed by the Visigoths at the Battle at Adrianople. 5th Century CE 410: Rome is sacked by the Visigoths. 426: Augustine writes City of God, in support of Christianity in Rome. 451: Attila the Hun (406–453) faces the Visigoths and Romans together in the Battle of Chalons. He then invades Italy but is convinced to withdraw by Pope Leo I.   453: Attila the Hun dies.   455: Vandals sack Rome. 476: Arguably, the western Roman Empire ends when Emperor Romulus Augustulus is removed from office.

crime essay - 982 Words

If the criminal Justice is a ‘system’ in England and Wales, describe and examine how the agencies within contribute to the over-representation of Black and Minority Ethnic populations in prison. In England and Wales we have in place a criminal justice system which is made up of many agencies which are their protect the public and the offenders. Most of the agencies work closely together; they consist of the Police, CPS, Courts, Probation, Prisons and Youth Justice. â€Å"Criminal Justice is about societies formal response to crime and is defined more specifically in terms of a series of decisions and actions taken by a number of agencies in response to a specific crime or criminal or crime in general† (Davies et al., 2010:8). The aims of†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"It was also assumed that the criminal justice system treated all ethnic groups fairly†(Bryant 2012 internet) Representatives of BME Groups are no more susceptible to crime than other sections of the population, but are still over-represented in crime statistics. Many members of society assume that ethnic minorities are more prone to being involved in criminal activity, than white people. This is reflected in official statistics. Official statistics show that young black males are over represented at every stage within the criminal justice system. The patterns of offending among ethnic groups are often reported to be attributed by young men. Researchers â€Å"suggest that any link between crime rates and ethnic background is purely a function of police prejudice† (Lea and Young 1982:38). â€Å"The media have picked upon a typical black crime and portrayed it as the typical crime† (Lea and Young 1982:38). ’BME groups and along with stats that’s how they are over- represented. When the statistics are analysed its clear to see that the pattern of offending varies between different BME groups also the level of offending varies greatly. In order to describe the reason and extent of young black people s overrepresentation, we need to anyalse the statistics. Overall, we can say with more certainty that the patterns of offending vary between different BME groups than that the level of offending varies significantly. Figures show more young black people areShow MoreRelatedParents Are Responsible for Their Childrens Crimes Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion and just choose the keywords. 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Motor vehicle theft happens every day in everyRead MoreWhat is Crime? Essays1393 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many perceptions of what defines crime. The definitions appear to change throughout history and are still changing today (Henry, S. and Lanier, M. M., 2001 ,p.139). For example, in the past marital rape was not considered a crime as it was thought that women were believed to be â€Å"sexual property† of the male and, therefore it couldn’t be classed as rape (Brownmiller, 1975, cited by Bergen, R.K., 1996, p.3). Howeve r, in the United States in 1978 a man was convicted of rape on his wifeRead MoreYouth in Crime Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesMelanie Requena December 3, 2012 Essay # 5 Stereotyping happens all the time, more than people seem to believe it does. Appearance, location, and race all deal with how people as well as police authority characterize individuals without truly knowing how that person is. 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The point of reference for this essay will be that when it comes for theories of crime, such as rational choice and routine activities theories, will be examinedRead MoreCalifornia Crime Essay2233 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract My essay on the Three Strikes Rule will explore this law from its inception to the present time, its impact on the California state government, and propose a solution to this problematic law. The Three Strikes Rule states that any offenders that committed any violent or serious felony offense (after two or more of the same conviction) are sentenced 25 years to life. I will present how crime has either increased or decreased since the 1990’s. What the perceptions of crime have been in ourRead MoreExplaining Crime Essay3365 Words   |  14 PagesCRIM3001 EXPLAINING CRIME ASSIGNMENT 2 ESSAY ________________________________ ANOMIE, STRAIN, AND SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY: INTERPRETING CRIME Causes of crime are arguably criminology’s most important and largest research topic. In this process of research, criminologists and academics have used numerous theories in attempts to explain how and why people resort to crime (Ellis, Beaver, Wright, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to examine a case study first with the use of strain theories (ST)Read MoreThe Causes of Crime. What are the causes of crime essay1421 Words   |  6 Pagesthat has no evident cure - crime. Before one can even try to find solutions for it, one must understand what a crime is and the nature of crime. Crime itself is defined as any offence harmful against society. The nature of crime however deals with the motives and causes of crime, which has no one clear cut explanation. There are several different theories on the cause of crime such as heredity, gender and mental defects, but each one is not substantial enough to explain crime and why it takes place.Read MoreBroken Window Crime Essay795 Wo rds   |  4 PagesCrime is something that has occurred over the decades and impacts both the victim and the wider community. It is described as behaviour that breaks the formal laws of a given society (Kirby, 2000) and is more punishable than deviance. The nature and frequency of crime depends on the neighbourhood in which it takes place and will impact on the concerns people have regarding the safety of their environment. When crime reaches a peak then ideas are put forward in a bid to reduce soaring levels, theseRead MoreGirls and Crime Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesGirls and Crime Stress, teenage mother hood, drug habits all those components needs survival skills. How do you keep those survival skills? Gangs, prostitution, abuse? To us juvenile delinquency is something that we look at it with disdain instead of taking the time to look into sociological issues, emotional issues and the reality that would give us a clearer view and still not make us feel or understand the conditions they live in, the pressures they go through or face everyday. For us to