crime essay - 982 Words

If the criminal Justice is a ‘system’ in England and Wales, describe and examine how the agencies within contribute to the over-representation of Black and Minority Ethnic populations in prison. In England and Wales we have in place a criminal justice system which is made up of many agencies which are their protect the public and the offenders. Most of the agencies work closely together; they consist of the Police, CPS, Courts, Probation, Prisons and Youth Justice. â€Å"Criminal Justice is about societies formal response to crime and is defined more specifically in terms of a series of decisions and actions taken by a number of agencies in response to a specific crime or criminal or crime in general† (Davies et al., 2010:8). The aims of†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"It was also assumed that the criminal justice system treated all ethnic groups fairly†(Bryant 2012 internet) Representatives of BME Groups are no more susceptible to crime than other sections of the population, but are still over-represented in crime statistics. Many members of society assume that ethnic minorities are more prone to being involved in criminal activity, than white people. This is reflected in official statistics. Official statistics show that young black males are over represented at every stage within the criminal justice system. The patterns of offending among ethnic groups are often reported to be attributed by young men. Researchers â€Å"suggest that any link between crime rates and ethnic background is purely a function of police prejudice† (Lea and Young 1982:38). â€Å"The media have picked upon a typical black crime and portrayed it as the typical crime† (Lea and Young 1982:38). ’BME groups and along with stats that’s how they are over- represented. When the statistics are analysed its clear to see that the pattern of offending varies between different BME groups also the level of offending varies greatly. In order to describe the reason and extent of young black people s overrepresentation, we need to anyalse the statistics. Overall, we can say with more certainty that the patterns of offending vary between different BME groups than that the level of offending varies significantly. Figures show more young black people areShow MoreRelatedParents Are Responsible for Their Childrens Crimes Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion and just choose the keywords. As well as reading a wide range of materials to get different opinions and aspects of the issue. 3. Provide the APA 6th reference list entry for 2 of the sources you have found and intend to use for your essay. Coconi A. (n.d.). Should parents Be Held Responsible for a Teenager’s Actions. GlobalPost. Retrieved http://everydaylife.globalpost.com/should-parents-held-responsible-teenagers-actions-1886.html PanahI, R. (2013). When kidsRead More Crime Essay1136 Words   |  5 PagesCrime Crime happens all over the world every second of every day. Thus making numerous amounts of victims. Crime victims are all around us even though we may not know it or think about it. According to the crime clock every twenty-five point three seconds a motor vehicle theft occurs. Have you ever thought what it would be like to walk away from you car, even after you have locked it, and to not be able to see it or the things inside it ever again? Motor vehicle theft happens every day in everyRead MoreWhat is Crime? Essays1393 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many perceptions of what defines crime. The definitions appear to change throughout history and are still changing today (Henry, S. and Lanier, M. M., 2001 ,p.139). For example, in the past marital rape was not considered a crime as it was thought that women were believed to be â€Å"sexual property† of the male and, therefore it couldn’t be classed as rape (Brownmiller, 1975, cited by Bergen, R.K., 1996, p.3). Howeve r, in the United States in 1978 a man was convicted of rape on his wifeRead MoreYouth in Crime Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesMelanie Requena December 3, 2012 Essay # 5 Stereotyping happens all the time, more than people seem to believe it does. Appearance, location, and race all deal with how people as well as police authority characterize individuals without truly knowing how that person is. Race is one of the biggest factors when it comes to criminalization because of what people see on the media and from what they are told. It usually is the younger generation that are viewed as criminals not only becauseRead MoreEssay about Crime Theory and Crime Prevention2517 Words   |  11 PagesCrime theories appear to descend of two big schools of criminology. The classical school of criminology which is based on the offender as a rational being, aware for his criminal deeds, and the positivist school of criminology regarding sociological prospects influencing individuals’ lives’ and affect them in a positive or negative manner. The point of reference for this essay will be that when it comes for theories of crime, such as rational choice and routine activities theories, will be examinedRead MoreCalifornia Crime Essay2233 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract My essay on the Three Strikes Rule will explore this law from its inception to the present time, its impact on the California state government, and propose a solution to this problematic law. The Three Strikes Rule states that any offenders that committed any violent or serious felony offense (after two or more of the same conviction) are sentenced 25 years to life. I will present how crime has either increased or decreased since the 1990’s. What the perceptions of crime have been in ourRead MoreExplaining Crime Essay3365 Words   |  14 PagesCRIM3001 EXPLAINING CRIME ASSIGNMENT 2 ESSAY ________________________________ ANOMIE, STRAIN, AND SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY: INTERPRETING CRIME Causes of crime are arguably criminology’s most important and largest research topic. In this process of research, criminologists and academics have used numerous theories in attempts to explain how and why people resort to crime (Ellis, Beaver, Wright, 2009). The purpose of this paper is to examine a case study first with the use of strain theories (ST)Read MoreThe Causes of Crime. What are the causes of crime essay1421 Words   |  6 Pagesthat has no evident cure - crime. Before one can even try to find solutions for it, one must understand what a crime is and the nature of crime. Crime itself is defined as any offence harmful against society. The nature of crime however deals with the motives and causes of crime, which has no one clear cut explanation. There are several different theories on the cause of crime such as heredity, gender and mental defects, but each one is not substantial enough to explain crime and why it takes place.Read MoreBroken Window Crime Essay795 Wo rds   |  4 PagesCrime is something that has occurred over the decades and impacts both the victim and the wider community. It is described as behaviour that breaks the formal laws of a given society (Kirby, 2000) and is more punishable than deviance. The nature and frequency of crime depends on the neighbourhood in which it takes place and will impact on the concerns people have regarding the safety of their environment. When crime reaches a peak then ideas are put forward in a bid to reduce soaring levels, theseRead MoreGirls and Crime Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesGirls and Crime Stress, teenage mother hood, drug habits all those components needs survival skills. How do you keep those survival skills? Gangs, prostitution, abuse? To us juvenile delinquency is something that we look at it with disdain instead of taking the time to look into sociological issues, emotional issues and the reality that would give us a clearer view and still not make us feel or understand the conditions they live in, the pressures they go through or face everyday. For us to

The Role Of Women During The Enlightenment And...

Haley Huffty Richardson ENGL2327 23 October 2014 The Roles of Women during the Enlightenment and Transcendental Period: The Tell of Rowson versus Fuller Throughout history the majority of the time when someone is telling women how to behave that someone is a man, but in Susan Rowson and Margret Fullers case they felt the need to tell their fellow females the proper way to behave in their society, rather it was with or against popular belief. Rowson was writing during the Early Republic, Enlightenment Era when women were told to be seen and not heard, and that if they chose to stray from their purity and have sex before marriage that there best opportunity to live any kind of life at all was to go into prostitution. Rowson’s Charlotte: A Tale of Truth is written about a young woman that loses her virginity before marriage and that sets her life in a tailspin were her best options became suicide, becoming an old maid or prostitution. In Fuller’s The Great Lawsuit: MAN versus MEN. WOMAN versus WOMEN she examines the idea that women are no more powerful than children and that they were centrally believed to be the keeper o f the house and nothing more, she explains that without the help of women men will never reach their goal of a tranquil society. Fuller wrote during the Transcendental Era when women were told that they were needed in religious revivals just as much as the men were. They were also needed in the home, like before, but possibly needed in the movement to achieveShow MoreRelatedHow Education Should Be Structured Essay2015 Words   |  9 Pages(Harper 259). As time went on in America, a widespread dislike of British culture and rule led many American to reevaluate how education should be structured. This period became known as the Enlightenment as it reintroduced an emphasis on the Grecian masters and ushered in a new appreciation for the schools of science and philosophy (â€Å"Enlightenment† 159). Decades later, in the 1820s and 1830s, another revolution of thought occurred, once again challenging the definition of education. These writers, mostRead MoreThe Origins Of Christian ity And Hinduism1737 Words   |  7 Pagescontemporary time period. This paper will reflect of the challenges and reactions the religions of Christianity and Hinduism faced with their encounters of the modern and postmodern situations. Pre-modern Christianity originally started as an offshoot of Judaism, as they believed that Jesus is the true Messiah and savior. Since the beginning Christians have believed in the Holy Trinity. This is something that has always and still is unique to this particular religion. The time period in which the religionRead MoreThe History of American Literature3501 Words   |  15 PagesThomas Hooker, Roger Williams, and John Winthrop were among the most prominent religious writers. A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mary Rowlandson (1682). This work is a firsthand account by a colonist who was taken captive by Indians during King Philips War. It presents a dramatic tale of suffering and of Rowlandsons efforts to make sense of that suffering. Her story became the model for a new genre of early American literature: captivity narratives. Such accounts became staples ofRead MoreRomantic love is a poor basis for marriage.2917 Words   |  12 Pagesprovide one source of data about representations of love. Civil unions constituted almost 70 per cent of all marriages in Australia in 2010, according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics. The civil marriage ceremony has both a legal and symbolic role. It is a legal contract insofar as it prescribes a legal arrangement with certain rights and responsibilities between two consenting adults and outlines an expectation that marriage is voluntarily entered into for life. The ceremony is also a publicRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Fences `` A Generational Story About Troy Maxson, The Son Of A Black Son1845 Words   |  8 Pageswhere to be black was to lose all dignity, an emerging provocative spirit of liberation eventually catalyzed a period of great change: a period of enlightenment known as the 1960s. Slowly but surely, black pride began to restore as differences in morals between successive generations caused societal changes. Capturing the essence of black struggles prior to -and during- this dynamic period of c hange, August Wilson wrote the play Fences, a generational story about Troy Maxson, the son of a black sharecropperRead MoreInvestigatory Project4554 Words   |  19 Pagesstill a hypertensive one. This study is also dedicated to my friends and relatives who have this â€Å"silent killer† disease which is the hypertension. And above all, our Almighty Father Who is the Ultimate Source of strength, wisdom, power and enlightenment that made this study into a reality. -cyddryellixzilla ï Å  iii ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine if the capsules from malunggay seeds are effective in treating hypertension. And to determine also any significant differenceRead MoreHuman Rights in Pakistan6749 Words   |  27 Pagesthe International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its two Optional Protocols. In 1966 the General Assembly adopted the two detailed Covenants, which complete the International Bill of Human Rights. European philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment developed theories of natural law that influenced the adoption of documents such as the Bill of Rights of England, the Bill of Rights in the United States, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in France. National and InternationalRead MoreIdentity And The Search For The Self Among The Sub Continental Diaspora10173 Words   |  41 Pagesand Serpe 1982:206) and thus predicated the idea of the multifaceted identities/ identity salience or role identities of the yet organised self. From this view, the society upon which the base of the Identity theory is predicated is the reflection of the multifaceted and organised self. Identity Theory deals with three aspects of the self- Role Identities, Identity Salience and Commitment. Role Identities: According to Symbolic Interactionists like Mead (1934) and Cooly (1902) the self is a productRead MoreFoucault Power8957 Words   |  36 PagesThe Subject and Power Michel Foucault Why Study Power? The Question of the Subject The ideas which I would like to discuss here represent neither a theory nor a methodology. I would like to say, first of all, what has been the goal of my work during the last twenty years. It has not been to analyze the phenomena of power, nor to elaborate the foundations of such an analysis. My objective, instead, has been to create a history of the different modes by which, in our culture, human beings are madeRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesdebates: explaining and understanding the diverse nature of organization theory Mapping some aspects of organization theory’s diversity Positivist protagonists: the truth is out there, and we can objectively know it Philosophical disputes around the role of the subjective in science Epistemological and ontolological disputes: how can we ever know the ‘truth’ and is there an ‘out there’? A few words of warning about the term postmodernism Overview of the structure and rationale of th e book Chapter summaries

Script on aboriginal Free Essays

I have chosen to do my following script from when Molly, Daisy and Gracie have just been captured and are being taken to Moore River Native Settlement. The reason I have chosen to start my script from there is because there will be a range of emotions that will be felt by the girls at that time I and will develop on them and hopefully get a bit of understanding of the torment they must have been going through. Molly Daisy and Gracie are in the back of Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Script on aboriginal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Neville’s care on the way to Moore River. Gracie is crying and Daisy is shaking. Molly: (Whispers to Daisy) It’s going to be all right Daisy, I will get us back home. Daisy: (Still shaking) OK Molly, I trust you. Molly: (Turns to Gracie and whispers) Remember the spirit bird Gracie, remember spirit bird†¦ Gracie: (Tears running down her face, wipes her nose with her hand) The spirit bird will guide us home. Where are we going Molly, I’m scared Molly, I want to go home. Daisy: (in aboriginal) Molly is going to get us home Gracie. I know she will. Mr Neville: (sharp cold tone) Oi! Enough of your filth language. If you are to talk, talk in English. (to himself) Bleeding half-breeds. Molly: (Now shaking herself) Where are you taking us? Mr Neville: (not even looking at Molly) You will see in due time. But first I need to stop And fill up the tank. (He turns to Molly with a frightening look on his face) if You even think about trying to run away, I will do something even your spirit Bird can’t guide you through. Mr Neville exits the car to talk to the petrol pump attendant. We see Molly’s Grandmother enter the scene running and screaming in aboriginal. She runs to the car and tries to open the door, but Mr Neville was too quick. He whipped his cane across the face of the helpless old lady. Molly: (in shock, speaking in aboriginal) Grandmother! Molly covers Gracie’s eyes as she begins to cry. Daisy tries to open the door of the car, but Mr Neville gets back in. Mr Neville: (laughing) I don’t suppose you girls want to go the same way as your Grandmother, do you? No I didn’t think so. Now you know what the Punishment will be if you ever try to escape from under my nose. Gracie: (still crying) Your big nose! Mr Neville: (fury overwhelming him) What did you just say?! Molly: (quickly) Nothing Mr Neville, sir. Honest. Mr Neville: (deciding not to take any action) As I was saying, even if you do succeed in Escaping, you won’t ever see your grandmother again. Daisy: (with courage) You an evil- Molly: (coughs loudly) Mr Neville: (evil sneer) Where your going will change you lives forever. And it will be all Down to me. Over the years you will realise how much good is doing†¦ They slow down as they approach there destination. Molly looks around, already thinking about how they were going to escape. This script shows elements of power, freedom and control throughout. Mr Neville who is one of the most powerful people in the process of biological absorption has control over the aboriginals. He mentions what would happen to them if they tried to escape because all they want is freedom. It was an important part of the play because it was the first time that they were being taken to the camp. Everyone in the scene had different feelings and they all showed them in different ways. How to cite Script on aboriginal, Papers

Romeo and Juliet Journal free essay sample

From the very beginning of the play the audience is warned that Romeo and Juliet’s love will not end well. There is much evidence in Act II that foreshadows the lover’s fate. One instance of this is when Romeo asks the Friar for consent to marry him with Juliet and the Friar shocked says â€Å"Holy Saint Francis! What a change is here! / Is Rosaline that though didst love so dear /so soon forsaken? Young mens love then lies/Not truly in their hearts/but in their eyes† (Act 2. 3 65-68). This foreshadows a bad end to Romeo and Juliet’s love as the friar is saying that he was so quick to get over Rosaline that obviously he has never been in love and is merely physically attracted to Juliet and doesn’t actually care about her the same way he was with Rosaline. As if this is true their relationship most probably won’t last long. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet Journal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another example of foreshadowing there terrible fate is when the friar is about to marry them and he gives the advice to the couple saying â€Å"These violent delights have violent ends/and in their triumph die, like fire and powder/which as they kiss consume. The sweetest honey/ is loathsome in his own deliciousness/and in the taste confounds the appetite/Therefore love moderately: long love doth so; /too swift arrives as tardy as too slow. † (Act 2. 6 9-15). This foreshadows their fate as he warns Juliet not to obsess and fascinate over Juliet as he did with Rosaline or his love won’t last as long and obviously Romeo refuses to head his warning. This passage does a great job predicting the befall of the characters as it pinpoints one of Romeo’s exact problems and one that he will not listen to the friar about and take his advice. One other example foreshadowing failure in Romeo and Juliet’s relationship is when Juliet is trying to get the nurse to tell her what Romeo had said about their marriage and how they plan to do it and the nurse says â€Å"Well, you have made a simple choice; you know/not how to choose a man.

The Tanzimat Period

Introduction The Tanzimat was basically a period during which the Ottoman Empire was reorganized and reformed starting from the early eighties. The main idea was to bring about development in the empire through tax revenue collection for military support in order to ensure complete control of its territory and prevent colonization by the powerful nations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Tanzimat Period specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reformations made became the major root of Ottomanism among the majority ethnic groups in the empire which led to formation of nationalists movements. One main attempt of the reformations was to bring together non-Muslims and non-Turks and incorporate them into the Ottoman social believes and norms. They were to get liberty to allow them to exercise equal right to the Turks (Goodwin 1). Changes on the Ottoman Empire during Tanzimat The transformations that were brought durin g the Tanzimat era resulted to certain changes in the territory some of which were positive while others affected the Turks negatively. The most affected fields by these changes were national economy as well as the cultural backgrounds. For instance, the taxation system changed from use of goods to cash based taxation especially with the increased Jewish migrations during that period, who contributed to the empire’s economic growth. As the economy continued to grow many people from upcountry moved to the urban areas from where they could access employment opportunities much easily. Other significant changes occurred in the reformation and restructuring of many structures in the state. The traditional administration was abolished and a new modern one established that would deliver more effectively to the people. Some changes also occurred in the social way of life with many people getting aware of education and sending them to the Islam schools that were available during that time. Traditional systems in education were replaced with western schools which produced quality graduates and the madrasa system, as well, was reformed to a modern one. The court system was changed to consist of panel judges although Islam courts were still in place to promote centralized administration. However, these modernization attempts led to the weakening of the empire before the western powers who gained power over the territory. Some western countries such as Europe gained power to control the empire as they had certain privileges in economy and diplomacy since they claimed to be protecting the Ottoman communities.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many people were influenced by the western powers to convert from Islam to Christianity especially Catholicism which was the major religious group. As other religious groups grew, competition on religion increased and as a result non- Muslims were forbidden from joining Islam (Berald 1). European impact on the Ottoman Empire Exchange of culture has been, over the years, a very common doing between many nations worldwide. As the Ottoman Empire was getting more and more dominated by western nations, Europe used the chance to market itself in the territory as a way of assisting them. During and after World War I and II, many powerful nations had plans to get Europe out of the dominance position it acquired in many less powerful nations especially in Asia and Africa. As a result, Europe’s powers on economy and military decreased drastically within those nations. However, its civilization and technological knowhow have remained deep rooted in many countries. Scientific technologies were introduced in the Ottoman communities and just like many other nations, the territory become under the influence of Europe. The Ottoman’s communities benefitted as they advanced their body health as well as gaining knowle dge on general issues and intellectual capabilities. Structures in the Ottoman’s community were improved leading to a better planned city and a consequential societal livelihood. Classical music was also developed with much influence from the European nations. Cultural traditions were abolished and new forms of social ways of living were adopted. European traders were eager to start trading in many regions including the Ottoman society which benefited by getting availability of goods that are not locally produced. However, boundaries by the Europeans did not put into consideration the differences that occur between different ethnic groups and this affected the Ottoman communities’ ways of living since each ethnic group has its own norms and way of live. These boundaries caused displacement of many large volumes of populations as well as splitting of families and loss of land for cultivation and grazing for those who were still practicing agriculture (Acer 1). How Russi a acquired dominance in the Ottoman Empire Despite the formation of an alliance between Ottoman and Germany to prevent Russia’s dominance over the Empire, Russia still managed to dominate over the Ottoman Empire. Russia got the chance to dominate Ottoman from World War I when the empire harbored Germany ships which were used to attack the Russians.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Tanzimat Period specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the first periods of the war, the Ottoman communities had gained some victory in several occasions but as the war progressed, some difficulties were faced. Later during the war, Ottoman’s government prohibited the deportation of Armenians. However, despite this prohibition, the Armenians were forcefully brought to the Ottoman communities. In 1916, the Ottomans power on the war reduced drastically and resulted to assignment of its territories to the Russian empire. Bei ng the first neighbor to the Ottoman community, Russia had the advantage of dominating over Turkey which was crumbling at the time. This gave Russia more access to the Empire than the other European powers and this is partly why Russia gained dominance. Besides being the nearest to the Ottoman community, Russia used other strategies to gain dominance. For instance, it claimed the right to protect the Orthodox Christians since it was the leading powers over the church group. This provided the Russians with greater opportunities to engage indirectly in affairs involving Turkey. Geographical features connecting Russia and Turkey also gave easy access to the region making it easy for the Russians to exercise power in the Turkish territories. Communication ships and other modes were used by the Russian military to get better access to the Ottomans communities. Russia had an added advantage in an agreement which blocked the use of these channels by all European nations except for Russia i n case of a crisis (Simon 1). Conclusion The Tanzimat period had very useful changes especially in the education forum which is still and more beneficial today. Other developments such as in revenue generation and service delivery by the state have been of great help in bringing equal civilization and modernization in all the communities. It was therefore a great move by the Ottoman society to realize that it had lagged behind and to accept help and modernization from the western nations. The social life of the Ottomans society as a whole changed to the better with the introduction of modern schools since quality education is the key to a better life. Works Cited Acer, Zabit. â€Å"Ottoman Modernization and Effects of the Tanziman Edict on Today†. 2009. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Berald, Gerry. â€Å"The Age of Western Imperialism†. 2002. Web. Goodwin, Kevin. â€Å" The Tanziman and the Problem of Political Authority in the Ottoman Empire: 1839 – 1876†. 2006. Web. Simon, Viviane. â€Å"Europe and nations, 1815-1914†. 2005. Web. This essay on The Tanzimat Period was written and submitted by user Jadyn R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

SHC32 1.1 1.2 Essay

SHC32 1.1 1.2 Essay SHC32 1.1 1.2 Essay Unit 9 1.1 Duties and responsibilities of own work role As a support worker I have to work 40 hours per week on shift rota. I work 44 weeks of a year and I am responsible to my House Co-ordinator. In my role I am responsible for supporting the House Co-ordinator with the care of students with special needs within a house community and in implementing the Individual Placement Plans by encouraging and supporting the development of social, educational and emotional abilities of the students. As a support worker I am expected to work effectively within a team and support the House Co-ordinator with the day-to-day running of the house. I am also responsible for the safeguarding and welfare of children and yound adults within my work setting. I also have different duties and responsibilities such as supporting and encouraging students to develop and maintain social relationships within the house community, supporting students in developing independence eg in self-help skills, personal hygiene and household tasks. In addition, supporting and en couraging students to participate in recreational and leisure activities, contributing to students general well-being, health and security. I have to ensure the dignity of each student is respected and upheld. Further, I assist the House Co-ordinator in household duties, partivipate in planning and reviewing processes, attend staff meetings and briefings, attend relevant internal and external reviews and I also participate in a 5 day residential trip which includes work beyond my normal working hours during this week. Within one year I have to attend at a minimum

Financial Report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Financial Report - Case Study Example The group also has a specialized value driven service provider as Schindler Marine which has been involved in providing consultancy services and mobility solutions for ships since 1980s. It is based in Italy and also has operations in Miami, Florida. Its consulting activities and customized solutions cover all stages from planning and designing vessels to installation of escalators and elevators. Furthermore, this company also provides repairing, maintenance and modernization services to its valuable clients which include major cruise liners mainly operating in Europe (Schindler, 2008). ALSO Holding AG (ALSO) is the company's subsidiary which provides services in information and communications and produces consumer electronics for both wholesale and logistics sectors. ALSO is operating in different European countries and under a different name. The company faces strong competition from companies such as KONE (Finland), Otis Elevator (Farmington, CT) and ThyssenKrupp Elevator (Germany) (Hoovers 2009). In addition to these there is competition from numerous Asian companies based in Japan and China. The company has a strong brand which is recognised and accepted by customers worldwide. The company has a global presence through 1,000 representative offices and subsidiaries operating in different countries which make it well organized group with conviction ensured by the head office. Three major strengths of the company have been identified which are reliability, mobility and innovation leader. The reliability of the company has been mainly driven from the quality of its products and services. The company has a team of technicians and engineers who are involved in the process of design newer technologies and products which cater to a large number of customers in different sectors. These products are designed in such a way that customers and general public can have a sense of safety. The company has issued its corporate citizenship report which is aimed at providing safety precautions to millions of customers who use Schindler manufactured elevators and escalators. The company has implemented e-monitoring diagnostic tools to assists in trouble shooting. This allows companies technicians to respond to customers' problems in a short period of time. Employees of the company are also its strength involved in development of technology The company's operations are spread out globally and well integrated with its head office in Switzerland. The company is operating in almost 100 countries across 6 continents and has been successfully able to compete against its competitors to generate high value sales. This could be observed from the following graph which clearly indicates the geographical dispersion of sales of both divisions of the company. From this it can be seen that 79% of ALSO's sales are from company's contracts outside Switzerland. Similar its elevator and escalator division makes most of its sales in EU markets, North America and Asia. In this way the company

Factors that organisation can utilise to help build brand equity Essay

Factors that organisation can utilise to help build brand equity - Essay Example The clients, through what they speak of the product, ultimately determine the brand equity of a commodity. In this case, the most promising products in meeting the needs of the clients have a strong value for their brand. Through the use of information available at the market and the clients’ perception of the products capacity to meet the needs, an appropriate product is selected. This is greatly influenced by the beliefs and perception of the client towards a commodity in relation to the specific needs that need to be addressed. In the course of improving brand equity of a specific product or institution, the two main factors that are taken into account include brand knowledge and brand awareness. The product should be placed in the client mind to an extent that when s/he is confronted with a problem, the products appears to be the first choice among the products that could address the challenge. Understanding the rivals in a business Understanding the brand equity of compet itors is important in the making of brand equity; this is mainly because the organization will maximize on their weaknesses. Moreover, this will provide sufficient information in preparation of a brand that is unique from the existing ones and thus easily identifiable by the clients. This places the product as well the organization at a competitive edge in the market that is ever competitive, thus enjoying customer loyalty, increased sales and consequently growth. Approaches for ensuring brand equity There are various approaches to ensure brand equity in an organisation within the market in which its supplies products to its customers. Customer-based equity brand approach is one in which an organisations considers various factors to be implemented so as to come up with a brand that is strongly established in the market. Customer-based brand equity model ensures that an organisation can be able to attract its customers by clearly considering their choices as could be determined by th eir preferences. Kevin Keller developed the model and hence it also bears the name Keller’s Brand Equity and it involves four steps of developing a stable and strong brand in the market. The first step of customer-based brand equity implies that a product needs to be logical, and should integrate different aspects of life as well as establishing itself in the market. This happens by creating customer awareness or salience, which aims at ensuring that a brand stands out, and customers recognise it. According to this step, an organisation, which is implementing a branding venture, should focus on being all-inclusive and focusing on its ability to its establishment in the market. This means that for a brand to thrive in a market, it will have to undergo the process of growth to establish itself in the business by involving as many people with their own differences. This means that an

Team Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Team Project - Essay Example Popular culture comes into being as a result of the interplay of a variety of factors and sources. The primary source of birth and spread of popular culture is mass media in general and popular music, television shows, movies, video games, books, and radio in particular. Nothing has been as big a contributor toward the spread of popular culture as the Internet. Cell phones, online chatting, videoconferencing, and video calling using Skype and such other software have helped the popular culture spread with the word of mouth. Popular culture has influenced arts in a number of ways. Ever since the 20th century, artists started to use and integrate the elements of pop culture, its items and images in their art. The word used to refer to this practice is appropriation which is defined as â€Å"the process of taking symbols or systems out of their original context and putting them in new ones† (Contemporary Art Start, n.d.). The influence of popular culture on arts reached its peak as the pop art movement during the 1960s and a number of postmodern artists have continued to have this influence to date. Pop artists have challenged the separation traditionally placed between popular and high culture, suggesting that images from comic books, billboards, and grocery store shelves are capable of providing wonderful subjects for sculpture and painting. Pop artists increasingly replaced traditional raw materials used in art including stone, paint, and clay with mass-produced objects. The influence of arts on the popular culture is overarching. Popular culture has fundamentally come into being as a result of the artistic inspirations and desires of people. Performing arts’ impact on the popular culture is just as evident, if not more, as the traditional arts’ impact on it. For example, programs like the Last Comic Standing and American Idol broadcast over a majority of channels encourage the audience to participate in the shows and leave

Single Women And Depression Social Work Essay

Single Women And Depression Social Work Essay Depression in single, married and widowed/divorced employed mothers Mental health is gradually becoming a focus in todays society. Women are diagnosed with mental illness two-to-one compared to men. Some hypothesis to the reason for these unequal statistics include hormone differences, cultural stifling of womens creative expression leading to maladjusted coping mechanisms, or misdiagnoses by sexist doctors (News for Healthy Living, 1999). A womans circumstance highly influences her likelihood of developing an anxiety disorder. This paper will analyze the prevalence of mental illness, especially anxiety disorders and depression, among employed mothers who are either single parents, in a heterosexual marriage, or widowed or divorced. Afifi, Cox and Enns found that married women suffer from the fewest psychiatric conditions, never married women slightly higher, and divorced women have significantly the highest number of psychiatric diagnoses (2006). This is possibly because married women often have far less risky behaviors and lower mortality rates than their unmarried counterparts (St. John Montgomery, 2009). Financial hardships, low wages, working multiple jobs, unemployment, and lack of social support, contribute to depressive symptoms, though they have different effects on women with different relationship situations (Wang, 2004). These situations are merely predictors of depression not deciders and will affect single and married mothers differently. Single, widowed and divorced mothers will have higher stresses, and therefore depressive symptoms, relating to financial issues. While married women will have depressive symptoms more related to their relationship. People in unhappy marriages or those who are not satisfied with their partner may have high levels of depressive symptoms. Even more, being dissatisfied with ones living partner is correlated with depressive symptoms in women (St. John Montgomery, 2009). The coping mechanisms which are often associated with depression in married, single, and divorced or widowed women are generally negative and harmful to both themselves and their social relationships. Depression and alcohol problems are often co-morbid in both single and married women (Kelly, Halford, Young, 2000). In addition, depression and coping mechanisms often negatively affect the relationship between married women and their spouses. Depressed women and their partners report more destructive and inefficient ways of conflict communication and resolution (Heene, Buysse, Van Oost, 2007). More effective interventions should be reviewed to address not only the cause of the depression and depressive symptoms, but to introduce more operative coping mechanisms. Single Women and Depression Single employed mothers have a wide variety of stressors in their lives. These stressors are associated with a higher probability of developing an anxiety disorder, especially depression. Low income, low education, family size, and ethnicity are stressors which are highly associated with depression for single mothers (Afifi, Cox, Enns, 2006). The main stressors of a single mothers life are centered on her children and being able to provide for them. Those who were forced to work more than one job to provide for their family, especially those who were non-white, had an increased risk of developing major depressive disorder than their married counterparts (Wang, 2004). Often, the choice between spending more time at work and more time with their family is not a difficult one and does not add to the distress felt. Ethnicity however is a stressor in every sphere of life and is often linked to lower educations, lower wage, and discrimination. It is possible that non-white single mothers are not distressed about their ethnicity, but about the situations their ethnicity forces them into with regard to the ability to provide for their family. Reducing stressors, and therefore depressive symptom risks, is important to curb the anxiety disorders and depression among employed single mothers. Non-traditional sex-role attitudes, more time at work, higher income, low work-family strain, and high self-esteem are associated with lower levels of depression among single mothers (Keith Schafer, 1982). All of these situations allow for greater opportunities for a woman to provide for her family, thus creating a less stressful lifestyle. However, managing stress and depressive symptoms is also an area to be involved in. Single mothers are more likely to use mental health care services than their married counterparts (Wang, 2004).Whether this is because they have a less stable social support network, or married women feel ashamed for needing these services is unclear. However these statistics are only significant before the age of 50 (Wang, 2004). This is possibly linked to the aging of the children and the support the single mother r eceived from her adult children she no longer must support. Married Women and Depression For married women and mothers, stressors and triggers of depression focus less on providing for their family and more on their interactions and self-sacrifices for that family. Married women spend approximately 40 hours a week doing household chores (to a mans 17), that is a 70/30% split (News for Healthy Living, 1999). These statistics hold true for both employed women and housewives. The increase stresses of having to be both a financial and domestic provider is a key reason married women develop depressive symptoms. Married women cite losing the opportunity to pursue higher education or dream careers due to expectations of maintaining a household and family as one of their major causes of depression (St. John Montgomery, 2009). Even when a woman does hold a job, she feels that her income is less important than her husbands (which is usually higher). In these situations, she is often more distressed by her husbands performance than by her own (Keith Schafer, 1982). Often, increas ed involvement in leisure activities appear to be negatively associated with well-being, suggesting that further structured time commitments beyond those to her family may be more stressful than helpful for a married mother (Janke, Nimrod, Kleiber, 2008). Positive work orientation, high self-esteem, less time spent at work and higher satisfaction with both domestic tasks and their partner and relationship were linked with lower depression rates among married mothers (Keith Schafer, 1982). Partner satisfaction is an important reducer to the stresses, and ultimately depressive symptoms, in a married mothers life. There is significantly less martial adjustment and cooperation in marriages with at least one depressed partner (Heene, Buysse, Van Oost, 2007). Whether this is the cause or the result of the depression however is unclear. Drinking is a common form of stress control among married women; however this often leads to more stressful situations. Reductions in excessive drinking behaviors led to a modest improval in martial satisfaction rates and decreased depression (Kelly, Halford, Young, 2000). One of the highest causes of stress in married mothers lives is their over commitment to their surrounding friends and family. It has b een shown that decreasing the number of unsatisfying social connections, such as clubs and other leisure activities, may increase a married womens mental health (Janke, Nimrod, Kleiber, 2008). Widowed and Divorced Women and Depression While single (never-married) and currently married mothers have similar prevalence rates of mental health disorders, widowed and divorced women have a much greater occurrence (Afifi, Cox, Enns, 2006). Separated and divorced mothers have higher instances of diagnosable anxious-misery disorders including depression, dysthymia, general anxiety disorder (GAD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and antisocial personality disorder, while widowed mothers have much higher instances of PTSD and major depressive disorder (Afifi, Cox, Enns, 2006). For widowed women the personal bereavement period and the psychological stresses of losing a spouse are often detrimental enough to trigger depressive symptoms or a depressive episode, especially in older women. Divorced women however are triggered not by losing their spouse, but by the process of divorce itself. A more hostile divorce will lead to greater instances of anxiety disorders as more negative interactions with a spouse is associated with depression (Afifi, Cox, Enns, 2006). Social support after being widowed or divorced is often lacking and needs to be cultivated to provide widows and divorcees with the means to combat their depression. Rates of adult engagement in pleasant activities have been link with subsequent decreases in levels of depressive symptoms (Janke, Nimrod, Kleiber, 2008). Isolation is prevalent after a spouse has died or left a woman, especially if she has children. She must now learn to provide for her family without her partner, and often times, without her main support system. More social contact, especially in the form of leisure activities with women their own age is recommended for widows or divorcees with depressive symptoms or on the edge of developing symptoms of an anxiety disorder (Janke, Nimrod, Kleiber, 2008). Depression Interventions Single, married and widowed or divorced mothers all have different stressors and triggers of depressive symptoms in their everyday lives. Each woman should ideally have an intervention created specifically to her socioeconomic status, relationship level and needs, child situation and other stress-inducing lifestyle characteristics. However, there are a few general guidelines about depression interventions in women which may apply to all categories. Distress, especially in relationships, is common in women with alcohol problems. These women report low confidence about resolving disagreements with their children, bosses, and/or partners (Kelly, Halford, Young, 2000). Alcohol use and abuse is also co-related to high rates of spousal aggressive and instances of excessive drinking in response to conflicts. While alcohol interventions alone improve relationships within the first 12 months of the decrease in drinking behavior, relapse often occurs if the original cause of the depression is not addressed and more viable coping mechanisms are not introduced (Kelly, Halford, Young, 2000). Women need to focus more on themselves, their inner growth, family and friends with whom they have close connections before over extending themselves; this could mean either eliminating unnecessary social connections or creating them depending on ones situation (Janke, Nimrod, Kleiber, 2008). Communication is the largest mechanism for combating stress and depressive disorder is women of all relationships levels. Women are more likely to express demands in relationships, whereas men withdraw themselves, and failure to have these expressed demands met often lead to feelings of hopelessness and depression (Heene, Buysse, Van Oost, 2007). These lower levels of communication, which could include avoidance or varying demand/withdrawal relationships, lead to little conflict resolution, less constructive communication and problem solving skills, more avoidant or ambivalent relationships in couples and often fosters depression or other anxiety disorders (Heene, Buysse, Van Oost, 2007). A common place for miscommunication is relationships, especially marriages, is the performance of household chores. Keith and Schafer found a significant link between satisfaction over housework and the mental health of married women suggesting that homemaking may have a greater important when both spouses were equally present (1982). The traditional sex-roles which often survive in marriages lead to greater depressive symptoms and depression in married women, whereas non-traditional sex-role attitudes have been shown to decrease depression in single women (Keith Schafer, 1982). It is not keeping the home which leads to the depressive symptoms, but the division of the work. The bigger the womans share of home responsibilities when compared to her partner the more likely she is to feel distressed and depressed (News for Healthy Living, 1999). Conclusions Single, employed mothers most often experience distress and depression relating to their financial situations and their ability to care for their children. Married women usually experience this distress relating to their relationship with their partner and the things they were forced to give up for their marriage. Widowed and divorced womens distress is generally focused around changing familial roles and the loss of familiar social support systems. Depression is more prevalent in widows and divorcees and least prevalent in married women, though this many have to do with the stress inducers of each group and the economic depression of the time period (St. John Montgomery, 2009). While the stressors of these women are all different, some common interventions are useful. Self-esteem is a large factor is all depressive symptoms and in the development of depression. Interventions aimed at increasing a womans self-esteem will be useful for all relationship levels (Keith Schafer, 1982). Depressed women have higher levels of attachment insecurity and therefore decreased conflict resolution skills, it is not clear however if the depression causes the decrease in relationship effectiveness, or the dysfunctional relationship is the cause of the depression (Heene, Buysse, Van Oost, 2007). Carefully selecting relationships to cultivate is important, whether growing new social support networks or strengthening existing ones, over or under stimulation socially is a large cause of depressive symptoms in women and mothers. A large conflict between work and home roles is a significant predictor of depression in women, so dividing the housework evenly among partners will si gnificantly reduce the occurrences of depression (News for Health Living, 1999; Wang, 2004). While depression will always occur in relationships, due to work and home stresses, from the burden of caring for children, and as a result of changes in a persons life; knowing the proper way to combat those stressors will significantly reduce a womens likelihood of developing depressive symptoms or anxiety disorders and allow them to pursue healthy and fulfilling relationships.

A Step Into The Unknown :: Literary Analysis, Dark Star

In his novel, Dark Star, Alan Furst creates an atmosphere that supports the depressed and beat down setting surrounding Europe before the onset of World War II. He is able to capture our attention by immediately creating anxiety in the depressed and broken down country of Belgium. Furst is able to draw us into the mind of Andre Szara as he enters Ostend, Belgium, describing the atmosphere as unpleasant and anxiety-driven. He presents this atmosphere through the old and rusted freighter, Nicaea, the setting in Ostend, and the assignments that Szara must complete while staying in Ostend. The thirty year old tugboat, Nicaea, represents an unforeseen road and ultimately places uncertainty in the eyes of Andre Szara. In the beginning, the atmosphere is immediately set with a dark and fearful outlook because of the depiction of the â€Å"tramp freighter† (Furst 3) that moves through the water with a distinctive roar of the engine, over powering the sound of clashing waves. The history of the Nicaea identifies the elements used by Furst to display atmosphere. It’s deep description indicates it has spent â€Å"blistering summers and drizzling winters† (3) over the years to be ruined by salt and rust. Old age has the ship â€Å"[creaking] and [groaning] sorrowfully† (4). The unhealthy environment creates an undesirable atmosphere that makes use of uncertainty as to whether the ship can carry on. Salame 2 The weather plays a major role in shaping the atmosphere in Ostend. The weather can be used effectively when presenting a certain atmosphere because it can dictate the mood. While travelling on the North Sea, Szara and Khelidze were accompanied by â€Å"rain† (3) and â€Å"darkness† (3), unaware of what lies ahead. With darkness, comes the idea of fear because its leading to the unexpected. The Nicaea has also been at sea for nineteen days through an â€Å"eternity of icy, seawater showers† (5). The weather foreshadows a dark future and maintains the uncertainty of what lies ahead. Equally important, Andre Szara is given an assignment but does not know why, further adding to the suspense and obliviousness for any consequences. Szara’s assignment is to find out where his fellow passenger on the tugboat, Grigory Khelidze, is staying in Ostend. Szara has no idea why he must find out where this man is staying, thus creating a sense of bewilderment. It is as if Szara has been set out on to a winding and unforgiving path that leaves no indication or signs as to where it will lead him.

High School and Graduation Essay

Time gets closer to the day we move our tassels from senior to graduate. Graduation steps on the back of our heels like the annoying freshman running late for class. It acts as if it is going to creep up on us, but we all know it will be here soon. It tip-toes in the back of our minds. Graduation: a day of freedom, maturity, and proof that nobody is any better than another. â€Å"There are many different ways of following through†¦ Sometimes it’s about going there, not getting there. Sometimes it’s the journey that teaches you a lot about your destination. â€Å" –Drake. This quote says a lot. He actually spoke at a graduation, and told that graduation class this same thing. This quote reaches out to me because I know my journey will be a rough journey. Becoming the person I want to be after high school is a journey all its own. I hope I get to where I want to be. Even if I do not, I have learned. Although graduation is only a few months away, I am getting nervous. I am nervous. But graduation day will be the day I go from high school student to adult. Age is just a number. Intelligence proves adulthood. I am proud to say I am looking forward to graduation day. I am looking forward to becoming an adult. I am looking forward to taking that next step in my life. I want the rest of my class to be as ready and nervous as I am because I will not feel alone. I know I am not the only one who feels this way. Every senior all around the United States is put in this position. We all do the same thing. We all walk onto that stage, shake hands, smile, wait for a picture and walk off with our high school diplomas in hand. Adults and older siblings did not lie when they told me that my four years of high school will be the best four years of my life. I have had an amazing four years. I have lost friends, gained friends, met some amazing people, and even met some people that I did not want to meet. I got put in positions I was not sure I was mature enough to handle. I handled them though. I got forced to make choices I did not know I needed to make on my own, but I made them and I know I made the right ones because of the person I am today. I am already ready to walk on that stage and smile. Smile big for those who made choices that caused them to not be able to walk with me. I smile for the  people who have tried to bring me down in life so far. And most of all I smile for myself, I smile because I made it. I made it to this graduation day; a day full of freedom, maturity, and proof that nobody is any better than me.

Violation of Human Rights vs the book Night essays

Violation of Human Rights vs the book Night essays Throughout history we have studied and learned about different people and places that have gone through serious hardships. Some people wrote books about their terrible experience. However, others we have just read about in newspaper articles, seen in movies or even studied in a school textbooks. The book Night is about a Hungarian Jewish teenager who is captured by the Nazi's along with his father and many other Jews. They are being tortured in many ways such as being beaten,stripped, shaved, starved and also having to do slave work. They were being treated as if they were not human. As a matter of fact to the Nazi's they weren't human, they were practically garbage and it did not matter what had happened to them. The Nazi's had turned them into different people. It was as if they did not have family members because they only cared about personal survival. Also I think that it took the faith that the Jews had away from them which left them no other choice but to be hopeless. Since the Holocaust took place there were other incidents that has occured in other countries where human rights were violated. In Libya people have been treated cruely and have had no rights for years. Libya has not had fair human rights since 1984. Recently in June of 1997, the head of the state decided on punished people if the head of the state was not informed of family members. The things that are taking place are violating the International Human Rights treaties. There were reports on people being tortured executed or even supposedly "disappearing". In Libya they are treated as if they are not human and they have to obey absurd rules that have nothing to do with keeping a country in order. Keeping a country or state in order should be the main idea not torturing everyone. I think that what is happening in Libya and the Holocaust are almost exactly alike. The Holocaust was all about concentration camps and ways of tortu ...

Bounty Land Warrants From 1775 to 1885

Bounty Land Warrants From 1775 to 1885 Bounty land warrants were grants of free land issued to veterans in return for military service from the time of the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Revolutionary War through 1855 in the United States. They contained the surrendered warrant, a letter of assignment if the warrant was transferred to another individual, and other papers pertaining to the transaction. What Are Bounty Land Warrants in Detail Bounty land is a grant of free land from a government given to citizens as a reward for service to their country, generally for military-related service. Most bounty-land warrants in the United States were given to veterans or their survivors for wartime military service performed between 1775 and 3 March 1855. This includes veterans who served in the American Revolution, the War of 1812 and the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Mexican War. Bounty land warrants werent automatically issued to every veteran who served. The veteran first had to apply for a warrant and then, if the warrant was granted, he could use the warrant to apply for a land patent. The land patent is the document which granted him ownership of the land. Bounty land warrants could also be transferred or sold to other individuals.   They were also used as a way to provide evidence of military service, especially in cases where a veteran or his widow did not apply for a pension How They Were Awarded Revolutionary War bounty land warrants were first awarded through an  act of Congress on 16 September 1776. They were last awarded for military service in 1858, although the ability to claim bounty land previously earned extended until 1863. A few claims that were tied up in the courts caused lands to be granted as late as 1912. What You Can Learn From Bounty Land Warrants A bounty land warrant application for a veteran of the Revolutionary War, War of 1812 or the Mexican War will include the individuals rank, military unit and period of service. It will also generally provide his age and place of residence at the time of application. If the application was made by the surviving widow, it will usually include her age, place of residence, the date and place of marriage, and her maiden name. Accessing Bounty Land Warrants Federal bounty land warrants are kept at the National Archives in Washington D.C. and can be requested through the mail on NATF Form 85 (Military Pension/Bounty Land Warrant Applications) or ordered online.

Trademark logos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Trademark logos - Essay Example While considering the importance of logos and trademarks, the most important factor is that serves in distinguishing the product or service from that of the counterparts. Thus it becomes important that the trademarks are not generic and it does not refer to a geographic origin. However the protection rules for trademarks and logos do not cover such generic symbols and names. Another major importance of these marketing symbols is that they indirectly lead the customer towards the qualities of the product including its uniqueness and quality. In this context the logos and the trade marks add to the reach and extension of the particular product or service. However under the rules and regulations pertaining to trademarks and logos, it must be ensured that these do not deceive the customer and convey wrong message about the product. As described in the definition of World Intellectual Property Organization itself, logos and trademarks helps to identify the product or service of a particular enterprise globally from other products and services. This distinction and identity is quite important in the modern business scenario. This must be read together with the fact that in the liberalised international economy of the day, the chances of competition and deliverance area overlap is quite possible. To explain this concept, the wide acceptance of ‘ipod’ the music player produced and marketed by Apple would be an ideal example. The trade name ‘ipod’ has had such a market identify that the products which came into market with similar applications were also called by the customers as ‘ipod’. (Rao, A Sreenivasa, 2008).This identity would automatically build in a feeling of confidence among the buyers. Conveyance of Business Objective is another core significance of trademark logos in the modern corporate culture. Trade mark logos can play integral role in the extension of the business

Article involving computer-related technology Essay

Article involving computer-related technology - Essay Example With the help of cloud computing, information sharing and collaboration becomes easy and inexpensive. Cloud computing is the new wave to technology that is sweeping many corporations. Cloud computing is now used by companies as a means of keeping their data. Cloud computing has made it easier for employees to connect with other employees of the company in different companies. They can work together in the same time frame on the same task by cloud computing. For example as the article states that â€Å"An accountant in India chats with her colleague in New York as they work on the same spreadsheet at the same time. A team of designers around the world meets on a single document in the cloud to plan their next product.† Companies also spend millions of dollar each year for the creating proprietary data and protecting them. Despite this, companies find cloud computing economic. This is because it provides them with cost-savings in hardware, software and energy usage. It is also provides them higher productivity and efficiency. Cloud computing has given a platform to smaller companies in level with the multinationals. This is because all the companies now have the same facilities to advertise themselves whether they are giant corporations or small firms. With all these advantages of cloud computing, the main issue that cloud computing still needs to address is security. As the technology is still in its initial stages, developments are taking place in order to make it more secure. Girouard ,Dave. Google’sCloud. May 6, 2008. Forbes.com. Retrieved September 2, 2008 from

Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words - 1

Politics - Essay Example Succeeding the steamed powered mechanization of industry and transport is the electrification of industry, transport and home. Electricity is seen to be a radical technology in three ways: â€Å"First, it was closely related to scientific activity, as no technology had been before†¦The second characteristic of electrical technology was its generic nature. An example of this generic nature is the fact that electric power was used as an input for a range of industries, as well as playing an important role in the emergence of the chemicals industry which introduced completely new products and processes of production. Third, the generation of electricity used different inputs (steel and coal) from earlier technologies, thereby encouraging the growth of these sectors as well† (Simonetti,337-375). The rise of the two countries USA and Germany started in this revolution. â€Å"By the end of the nineteenth century, Britain had a well-developed educational system, a system of production based on family firms, a financial market developed around the financing of trade and large investments (joint stock companies), a strong patent system, and an empire of colonies that could serve as markets for its growing industry. The leading sectors of the economy consisted of a range of consumer goods industries, notably, textiles, metalware, paper, food, watches, and some producer good industries such as shipbuilding and textile machinery. Its industrialization and urbanization had begun before the emergence of the railroads† (Simonetti, 347). â€Å" â€Å"However, the situation was quite different in the USA and Germany. Following the completion of the Union after the American Civil War (1861) and the unification of Germany (1871), both economies had large domestic markets. In both cases, railroad investments were made to connect the different parts of the country, and both economies enjoyed the benefits of a continent-wide system of transportation by

The Affordable Care Act and Primary Care Essay Example for Free

The Affordable Care Act and Primary Care Essay The purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance of providing increased access to primary care and the expected impact of the 2010 Affordable Care Act on the delivery of primary care in the United States, extending current trends through the year 2023. Addressed topics will include a brief overview of the Affordable Care Act, current state of primary care and the impact of the Affordable Care Act upon primary care patients, providers and payers. The Affordable Care Act In March 2010, President Obama signed comprehensive health reform, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) into law. This law makes preventive care, including primary care, family planning and other services more accessible and affordable for many Americans. According to the Center on Budget an Policy Priorities , the ACA would expand health care coverage to 32 million citizens who are currently uninsured. Expanded coverage of Medicaid and Medicare allows for increased inclusion of individuals who previously were not eligible for state and federal health insurance programs. The Medicaid expansion is 100% federally funded for the first three years (2014-2016) and at least 90% federally funded through 2022 and beyond (CBO, 2013). Included in the law is health insurance reform that makes illegal preexisting condition clauses in health insurance coverage and provides coverage for young adults under a family health insurance plan. Affordable Care Act and Primary Care 3 The uninsured and self employed would be able to purchase health insurance through state-based â€Å"exchanges†. Subsidies would be available to those who cannot afford to purchase insurance if they meet income requirements. Primary Care in the United States In the United States medical practice was not regulated until the 20th Century. Medical care was provided by a â€Å"doctor† who may or may not have been trained at a medical school. Many doctors received no formal training, learning as apprentices. These early practitioners provided a multitude of medical services to an entire family including delivering babies, setting fractures, surgeries, diagnosing and dispensing medications. Through organizations such as the American Medical Association the practice of medicine became regulated. These early pioneers were the early practitioners of primary care. Influenced by American ideals and desire for technology and wealth, the number of medical students choosing a path in primary care diminished in favor of specialty practice such as surgery, cardiology, radiology, etc. For several years there has been a decline in the United States primary care workforce. Primary care providers include general practitioners, general internal medicine practitioners, family physicians, physician assistants and nurse practitioners. The United States healthcare system has been facing a decline in its primary care Affordable Care Act and Primary Care 4 workforce, infrastructure and access to primary care services for several years. According to research (Petterson,2013) a number of factors, including poor reimbursements to primary care providers, low comparative income, and poor quality of work life due to high patient loads, have contributed to more providers choosing to train and practice in specialty medicine. This trend has led to a shortage of primary care providers across the country, likely contributing to fragmented care, inappropriate use of specialists, and less emphasis on prevention. Patients People who have access to a regular primary care physician are more likely  than those who do not, to receive recommended preventive services and timely care for medical condi ­tions before they become more serious and more costly to treat by visiting the emergency room instead of a primary care provider (Abrams, 2011). Patients are more likely to adhere to physician recommendations when seen by a primary care provider. Among low-income patients, access to primary care is associated with better preventive care, better management of chronic conditions, and reduced mortality. Preventing illness is as much a part of primary care as is the diagnosis and treatment of health conditions. The Affordable Care Act provides positive incentives to encourage people to obtain preventive primary care services. Through provisions in the act, applying to Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries, as well as the privately insured, the law eliminates coinsurance, deductibles, and co payments for approved preventive services Affordable Care Act and Primary Care 5 and tests, such as blood-pressure and cancer screenings, mammograms and Pap tests, and immunizations. Studies have shown full coverage of preventive services with no patient cost, increases use of preventive screening services over time (Abrams, 2011). In a study of low-income patients, researchers found that even small incremental changes in co-payments had a substantial impact on the afford ­ability and utilization of care. Included in the ACA is the concept of a patient â€Å"medical home.† This is a pri ­mary care site that provides patients with timely access to care, including availability of appointments after regular office hours with patients to manage health conditions and prevent complications, coordinates all care, and engages in continuous quality improvement (Abrams, 2011). Primary care providers will be the coordinators of the medical home. These medical homes will also ensure greater coordina ­tion between the primary care site and local emergency departments. Primary Care Providers With the ACA the total number of primary care office visits is expected to increase from the 462 million visits in 2008, to 565 million in 2015. Also  expected is the need for an additional 52,000 primary care providers by 2025 due to insurance coverage expansion (Hofer, 2011). The ACA will entice primary care providers to accept more of the newly covered by increasing Medicare and Medicaid payments for primary care services. There are two Affordable Care Act and Primary Care 6 provisions in the ACA that augment payments to primary care providers, one provides a bonus to providers whom participate in Medicare, the second increases reimbursements for Medicaid participation. The goal of these financial incentives is to stabilize and expand the existing primary care workforce. The Affordable Care Act invests an estimated $3.5 billion in the primary care provider bonus program from 2011 to 2016. As a result, Medicaid primary care phy ­sicians are estimated to gain an additional $8.3 billion in reimbursement between 2013 and 2019 (Abrams, 2011). To address this growing shortage of primary care providers, the Affordable Care Act provides support of education and training for primary care providers and community health centers. The Affordable Care Act includes $1.5 billion authorized over 2011 to 2015 for the National Health Service Corps to provide scholarships and loan forgiveness for primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, and physician assistants practicing in health professional shortage areas (Abrams, 2011). Other provisions that offer financial support for training new primary care physicians include more favorable loan repayment require ­ments for the federally supported Primary Care Loan Program and a loan repayment pro ­gram for pediatric sub specialists and child or adoles ­cent mental or behavioral health providers working in underserved areas. The necessary midlevel primary care practi ­tioner is recognized through scholarships, loans, and loan repayment programs, as well as through the creation and expansion of training opportunities. Affordable Care Act and Primary Care 7 Payer The Affordable Care Act brings an unprecedented level of scrutiny and transparency to health insurance companies. The concept of an insurance exchange is a major component of the federal Affordable Care Act. An important component of the federal law is that individuals must have health insurance with federal subsidies to help them pay for it. To improve access and protect patient rights, ACA introduces new commercial insurance standards, such as the removal of medical underwriting, elimination of lifetime limits, prohibition of pre-existing condition exclusions, and removal of cost-sharing for preventive services. Insurance plans will be required to cover essential health benefits which are defined under the ACA (Rosenbaum, 2011). Insurance companies expect significant changes in enrollment, demographics, and plan types. Economic, behavioral, political, and strategic influences are expected to shape the changing insurance coverage landscape, according to a Department of Health and Human Services Report. Implications for insurance industry stakeholders are considerable, due to being regulated by state and federal government. Insurance companies and insurance trade publications are stating they will be forced to raise premiums due to ACA requirements, fess and taxes forced upon them ( DHHS,2013). The ACA imposes an annual fee or excise tax on most businesses that provide health insurance, starting in 2014. The fee will be raised proportionately each year among Affordable Care Act and Primary Care 8 insurance providers based on their share of the health insurance market (DHHS, 2013). Certain insurers are exempt from federal excise tax, including public charities and social welfare organizations. In addition, nonprofit insurers that receive more than 80 percent of their gross revenue from government programs that target low-income individuals, seniors, and people with disabilities (including Medicare, Medicaid, and the Children’s Health Insurance Program) are not subject to the tax. Supply and demand will determine how the excise tax is ultimately split between insurance companies and purchasers. Insurers have recently turned in strong financial results and thus are well positioned to bear some of the tax (DHHS, 2013). It is speculated they will pass a portion on to consumers. The Joint Committee on Taxation estimates that premiums subject to the fee will be 2 to 2 ½ percent higher than they would otherwise be. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that ACA will slightly reduce premiums for employer-sponsored health insurance in the near future. For employers with more than 50 workers, CBO estimates that the law will reduce average premiums by up to 3 percent in 2016. For small employers, the estimated change in premiums ranges from an increase of 1 percent to a reduction of 2 percent . It is important to note that the health insurance industry will gain millions of new enrollees in the next few years as a result of ACA. Insurance plans providing preventative health coverage will benefit financially by providing less expensive care for treatable Affordable Care Act and Primary Care 9 chronic conditions and early diagnosis on other medical conditions. Summary  With the oncoming implementation of the Affordable Care Act the benefits of the plan encourage the active role of the primary care provider. The uninsured patient now has access to health care that will afford him a better quality of life and address the financial implications of a poorly managed health care system in the United States. The ACA provides a means to entice more into the field of primary care. While it is in the early stages of scrutiny, the health insurance industry is a growing industry and is positioned to be profitable as a result of ACA, even with increased regulation. Conclusion With the implementation of the Affordable Care Act, the United States is positioned to provide a more sustainable and stronger health care system, due in part to the primary care provisions provided with the ACA. The health care system outlined would provide expanded service for patients, improve outcomes and quality and reduce future health care spending for the nation. References Abrams, M., Nuzum, R., Mika, S. and Lawlor, G. (2011, January). Realizing Health Reform’s Potential. The Commonwealth Fund. 1, 1-8. http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Publications/Issue-Briefs/2011/Jan/Strengthen-Primary-Care.aspx Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. (2013, July). Status of the ACA Medicaid Expansion After Supreme Court Ruling. Retrieved from http://www.cbpp.org Congressional Budget Office. (2013). CBO’s Estimate of the Net Budgetary Impact of the Affordable care Act’s Health Insurance Coverage Provisions Has Not Changed Much Over Time. (CBO Publication No. 144176). Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office. http://www.cbo.gov/publication/44176. Department of Health and Human Services. (2013, February). Health Insurance Premium Increases in the Individual Market Since the Passage of the Affordable Care Act. (DHHS. Research Brief). Washington, D.C. http://aspe.hhs.gov/health/reports/2013/RateIncreaseIndvMkt/rb.cfm Hofer, A., Abraham, J., Moscovice, I. (2011, March). Expansion of Coverage under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Primary Care Utilization. Milbank Quarterly. 89(1): 69-89. http://www.milbank.org/publications/the-milbank-quarterly Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 42 U.S.C.  § 18001 (2010). Petterson, S., Liaw, W., Phillips, R., Rabin, D., Meyers, D. and Bazemore, A. (2013). Projecting US Primary Care Physician Workforce Needs: 2010-2025. Annuals of Medicine. 6, 503-509. http://annfammed.org/content/10/6/503.full Rosenbaum, Sara. (2013, February). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: Implications for Public Health Policy and Practice. Public Health Reports. 126, 130-135. http://www.publichealthreports.org/

Comparison Of International Healthcare System Health And Social Care Essay

Comparison Of International Healthcare System Health And Social Care Essay This research paper deals with comparison between health care systems of United States and India. I chose these two countries because of my familiarity with health care system in India and interest in the U.S health care system. While U.S. and India have few things in common, there are a lot of differences. The health care systems in these two countries are an ideal example of fundamental difference in health care system of an industrialized country and a developing country as well as two different approaches to health care. I will elaborate components of health care system, performance of health care system , health care expenditures, how government in involved, health care coverage and insurance system and a little about administration and payment system. Introduction: The health care system in United States can be categorized as public-private health care system while India has a universal health care system. In US, Health care facilities are largely owned and operated by the private sector. Health insurance is primarily provided by the private sector, with the exception of programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE, SCHIP (Childrens Health Insurance Program) and VA (Veterans Health Administration). Universal health care system is built around the principle of providing universal coverage for all members of society, combining mechanisms for health financing and service provision. Over the past few years, Indian health care system is in transition. With the growth of Indian economy, more and more money is pumped into nations health care system. This infusion of money has resulted in substantial gains in health care including increased life expectancy, reduced infant mortality and the eradication of several diseases; although these gains have been uneven across subpopulations. A comparison between health care system of US and India can shed light on the challenges that are common to both and also highlight the unique challenges each faces. What is Health Care System? Health care system is made up of individuals and organizations that are involved in the delivery of health care to target population. Health care system can also be defined as the organization of people, institutions and resources to deliver health care services to meet the health needs of target populations. Components of Health Care System The health care system is made up of three interrelated components; providers, institutions and clients. People who deliver health care services the professionals and practitioners are health care providers. Health care providers are the ones that serve the clients and provide them treatments. The systematic arrangements for delivering health care-the public and private agencies that organize, plan, regulate, finance and coordinate services are the institutions or organizations of the health care system. The institutional component includes hospitals, clinics and home-health agencies; the insurance companies and programs that pay for services like Blue Cross and Blue Shield, managed-care plans such as health maintenance organizations (HMOs) and preferred provider organizations (PPOs); and entitlement programs like Medicare and Medicaid. People in need of health care services are health care consumers or clients. Clients receive care from the healthcare provider. They also either pay the payers such as insurance companies who then pay the provider- or they pay the provider directly, or they have their bills paid on their behalf by the government. Providers receive payment from the payers. Payers are those who finance the healthcare. Payers can include the family of the client, the clients themselves, the insurance companies, or the government. Performance of health care system Performance of health care system can be measured by examining which system performs better and its ability to distribute health care to the population. While comparing health care systems of US and India, I am not going to take into account the vast difference in resources available to each country; instead I will focus on the relative measure of total resources available and resources allocated to health care. We will use traditional measure of infant mortality, life expectancy and cancer survivability rate of the target population to compare health care systems of US and India. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years to be lived by a group of people born in the same year. This number can be used as measure of health of target population. Life expectancy in US is 78.3 years. Life expectancy in India is 64.7 years. Infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births. This number is used as an indicator of the level of health care access and awareness in a country. The infant mortality rate of the world is 49.4 according to the United Nations and 42.09 according to the CIA World Fact book. Infant mortality rate in US is 6.3. Infant mortality rate in India is 55. Cancer survival rate is the percentage of people who survive a certain type of cancer for a specific amount of time, usually measured for five years. This number is good indicator of richness of health care system. In US, cancer screening tests like mammograms, Pap smear, PSA screening and colonoscopy are used more frequently. US have plenty of diagnostic equipments like Enhanced imaging equipments like LIFE (Lung Imaging Fluorescence Endoscopy), MRI machines and CT scanners. Abundance of these machines results in early screenings for cancer which in turn help in early treatment of cancer. Cancer survival rate in US is 63% in men and 66% in men Cancer survival rate in India is 30%. Health care expenditure U.S. spends more money on health care than any other nation in the world. In 2008, U.S. spent 16.2% of GDP on health care. This is around $2.3 trillion or $7681 per capita, of these 46% is financed by government. Healthcare is one of Indias largest sectors in terms of revenue and employment and the sector is expanding rapidly. But it is nowhere near US health care sector in terms of size. During the 1990s, Indian health care grew at annual rate of 16%. Currently, the total value of the sector is more than $34 billion. This is around $34 per capita, or roughly 6% of GDP (private expenditure of 5.0% and public expenditure of 0.9%), of these 19% is financed by government. Naturally, the overall standard of health care available to the majority of population is poor. The problems of care surrounding childbirth and maternal health, malnutrition in children, all kinds of infectious diseases and infestations are rampant mostly among rural and urban poor who constitute the majority of the population. Government Involvement in health care In the U.S., direct government funds health care through Medicare, Medicaid that covers senior citizens over 65, poor and disabled, nursing home care and women with low income and State Childrens Health Insurance Program which covers children in families below 200% of poverty level. The federal government also runs the Veterans Administration, which provides medical care to veterans, their families and survivors. Some 59% of U.S. residents have employer health care coverage although this figure is decreasing Workers contribution varies widely in this coverage. People who are self employed or unemployed have to purchase their own insurance. U.S. federal and state governments is more and more involved in U.S. health care spending regardless of large private business. In 2004, governments spent 45% of the $2.2 trillion spent on medical care in 2004. The U.S. government spends more on health care than on Social Security and national defense combined. Beyond direct spending, the U.S. government is also involved in health care through regulation. For example, the 1973 HMO Act provides for HMO by giving grants and loans. The health care system in India is characterized by multiple systems of medicine, mixed ownership patterns and different kinds of delivery structures. Public sector ownership is divided between central and state governments, municipal and Panchayat local governments. Public health facilities include teaching hospitals, secondary level hospitals, first-level referral hospitals (CHCs or rural hospitals), dispensaries; primary health centers (PHCs), sub-centers and health posts. Also included are public facilities for selected occupational groups like organized work force (ESI), defense, government employees, (CGHS), railways, post and telegraph and mines among others. Health care in India is universal health care system run by the constituent states and territories of India. The private sector is the dominant sector in India. In India, already 80% of the curative care is being sought by people from the private sector. Hospitals are run by government, charitable trusts and private organizations. The government hospitals in rural areas are called Primary Health Center. These provide basic health care. If there are patients such as snake bite or heart attack, such patients are given basic drug treatment and then sent to a hospital nearby. Hospitals are located in major cities. Along with modern system of medicine, traditional and indigenous medicinal systems like Ayurvedic and Homeopathy systems are in practice throughout the country. Indian health care system is run by the state governments. Government hospitals provide preliminary treatment at the expense of taxpayers. Primary care is focused on immunization, malnutrition prevention, pre and postnatal care and treatment of common ailments. Necessary drugs are offered for free in government hospitals. In these hospitals, charges for basic in-hospital check-up and treatment are much less compared to the private sector. But the private sector also is not expensive when compared to western countries. The cost for these subsidies comes from central and state governments. But government hospitals are not financed enough and have less staff. Since they do not face competition, government hospitals do not maintain basic standards of treatment. Because of these factors, many people are either forced to or prefer to visit private medical practitioners. The majority of the Indian population is unable to access high quality healthcare provided by private entities as a result of high costs. Many are now looking towards insurance companies for providing alternative financing options so that they too can afford better quality healthcare. 75% of expenditure on healthcare in India is still being met by out-of-pocket consumers. Only 10% of the Indian population today has health insurance coverage. The opportunity remains huge for insurance providers entering into the Indian healthcare market since Health insurance has a way of increasing accessibility to quality healthcare delivery for private healthcare providers for whom high cost remains a barrier. Health Care Coverage and Access About 16% of US population is uninsured. Also, about 24% of the U.S. population was under-insured and have insurance that barely covers their medical needs. This leaves them unprepared for major medical expenses. According to some studies, about 40% of U.S. citizens do not have sufficient health insurance to cover their health needs. 59% of U.S. citizens have health insurance related to employment, 27% have government-provided health-insurance while nearly 9% purchase health insurance directly (there is some overlap in these figures). Medical debt is the one of the major cause of bankruptcy in the United States. Thus, the cost of health care not the availability of resources is major impedance to health care access in US. The US federal government does not offer universal health care to all its citizens. But there are some publicly funded health care programs to help elderly, disabled, poor and children. The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act or EMTALA ensures public access to emergency services. The EMTALA law forces emergency health care providers to stabilize an emergency health crisis and cannot withhold treatment for lack of evidence of insurance coverage or other evidence of the ability to pay. But person receiving health care under EMTALA still has to pay the hospital. Hospital can pursue any defaulter for the cost of emergency services they provided. When it comes to healthcare, there are two faces of India: a country that provides high-quality medical care to middle-class Indians and medical tourists and a country whose residents have limited or no access to quality health care. Today only 25% of the Indian population has access to Western (allopathic) medicine, which is practiced mainly in urban areas, where two-thirds of Indias hospitals and health centers are located. Many of the rural poor must rely on alternative forms of treatment, such as Ayurvedic and Homeopathy. A widespread lack of health insurance compounds the healthcare challenges India is facing. Although some form of health protection is provided by government and major private employers, health insurance schemes available to the Indian public are generally basic and inaccessible to most people. Only 11% of the population has any form of health insurance coverage. For the small percentage of Indians who do have some insurance, the main providers are all government run insurance companies. Only 1% of the population was covered by private health insurance in 2004-05. Because so little insurance is available to the population of India, out-of-pocket payments for medical care amounted to 98.4% of total health expenditures by households, as of the most recent (2001-02) census. Without insurance, the poor must resort to taking on debt or selling assets to meet the costs of health care. It is estimated that 20 million people in India fall below the poverty line each year because of indebtedness due to healthcare needs. Availability of health care resources There is a greater availability of health care equipments and facilities for tests such as mammograms and PAP smears (for women), PSA screenings (for men) and colonoscopies in US. Consequently, the use of these tests is more frequent in the U.S. for example, 86 percent of U.S. women ages 40 to 69 have had a mammogram. The U.S. also is endowed with many MRI machines and CT scanners per capita. Higher levels of screening and equipment helps in early detection and treatment of diseases like cancer. While no such statistics is available for India, low cancer survivability rate can be attributed to scarcity of diagnostic facilities in India. In the United States, access to health care is primarily determined by whether a person can pay for the treatment, by the availability of services in the area and by willingness of the provider to deliver service at the price set by the insurer. Wait time Waiting time determines how fast a patient is able to get medical attention. Waiting time illustrates efficiency of health care system. In US, the average wait time was 17 days for an appointment with an orthopedic surgeon. One of my friend had to wait 27 days to see a female surgeon. In India, according to one survey, waiting time is a chronic problem affecting hospitals run by Indian government. 44% patients wait in the hospital for more than two weeks before seeing doctor for preliminary diagnosis. They cannot start treatment before knowing cause of their illness. Although this is not the case in private hospitals. In some government hospitals, patient has to wait for couple of weeks for X-ray or USG exams. Waiting time for surgery could stretch up to 2 months. In India, it is not mandatory to reach a government hospital in times of emergency. You can go to your physicians private hospital or a multi-facility hospital run by a panel of doctors. Also you have an easy access to your Primary care physician in case you need to talk to him. This does not happen in U.S. You have to communicate with the nursing staff before talking to your physician. India faces a huge need gap in terms of availability of number of hospital beds per 1000 population. India stands just a little over 0.7 hospital beds per 1000 population whereas U.S. has 2.5 beds per 1000 population. Administrative overheads Administration accounts for 31% of health care spending in the United States. Some of that money goes to doctors, nurses and other medical professionals. Private insurance in US has administrative overhead of about 12%, Medicare has administrative overhead of about 4% while Medicaid has administrative overhead of about 7%. United States have a program to provide prescription drugs to the poor but it is limited. The introduction of Medicare Part D in US has extended partial coverage for drugs to Medicare recipients. Most important difference between health care systems of US and India is the much higher cost of prescription drugs in the United States. It is very expensive to get a treatment in United States as compared to India. For instance: cost of normal delivery in Indian private hospitals is approximately Rs 6,000 ($120). It is free of charge in government hospitals for everyone. Caesarean section costs about Rs 20,000 ($400) inclusive of anesthesia charges and drug expense but you pay everything out of pocket. In U.S. cost of normal delivery is approximately $20,000. Insurance plan covers most of the cost but depending on the plan, patients usually receive separate bills for anesthesiology and other expenses. U.S. disallows Medicare or Medicaid from negotiating drug prices. Therefore, they cannot buy medicines in bulk and lower prices. In US, the cost of malpractice lawsuits is 0.46% of health care spending which comes to $16 per person each year for the total cost of settlements, legal fees, and insurance. The total cost of defending and settling malpractice lawsuits in the U.S. in 2001 was approximately $6.5 billion, or 0.46% of total health spending. According to some, defensive medicine consumes up to 9% of American healthcare expenses. India has fewer doctors per capita than the United States. US have 2.3 doctors per 1,000 people in 2005 while India has 0.6 doctors per 1000 people. Physicians are paid fee for service. Now multi-facility clinics have a panel of doctors who work as hospital employees. There are a number of additional costs that are significantly higher in the U.S. Government orders on keeping the records of insured people which results in greater administrative effort. Higher marketing costs by insurance companies and health care providers contribute to higher health care costs. Conclusion Overall health care system in India and U.S has their own drawback and benefits. U.S. health care system is better in terms of cost coverage and quality health care but it is more expensive than that in India and lack of universal care affect the poor people in U.S. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act passed on 23rd March, 2010 mandates universal coverage for all. This will certainly benefit the poor. So, by expanding resources and making health care more affordable and accessible to many Americans through premium tax credits, individual mandates, the expansion of Medicaid, new employer benefits and responsibilities, and state-based Exchanges, the United States has taken a step in the right direction.   Health care reform will absolutely grant many millions of Americans with what we feel is a basic human right: access to health care.